Journal of the Kurdish Academy

ئوروکاگینا و زمانی چاکسازی و یاسایی سەرەتایی

هاوژین عومەر, ئاری خەلیل, ,

Iri-kagina, the last king of the first dynasty of Lagash, is considered one of the most powerful Sumerian rulers during the Early Dynastic IIIb or Pre-Sargonic Period  (2500–2350 BCE) in southern Mesopotamia, He is also recognized as the author of the earliest known text on economic and social reform, regarded as one of the oldest examples of legal and social regulations in history, Records of his reforms appear in five different versions ,varying in content and historical context, preserved on around ten inscriptions—mostly on clay cones or oval-shaped clay tablets, In terms of information they all  complement each other, Irikagina worked to restore freedom to citizens who had suffered various forms of oppression and injustice, returning radical reforms in the structure of the state and society . his reform text contains the earliest known written use of the Sumerian word (ama-gi)“Freedom” referring to the liberation of citizens from unjust burdens ,this made him an early symbol of social justice and civil reform in history.

بەستن د سەرهاتیا کوردیدا ل دویڤ تیۆرا دى بوگراندى

ئەحمەد مستەفا, viyan ebrahim,

This study is entitled (The Conjunctions in Kurdish Folktales According to the Theory of Robert De Beaugrande). Conjunction is one of the significant parts of Cohesion inside the texts. The text consists of a set of consecutive sentences. Conjunction and its elements determine the relationship between the sentences through some morphemes and words that create Grammatical Cohesion. Since Conjunction hasn’t been implemented precisely in Kurdish, we suppose that all types of Conjunction could exist inside the texts of Kurdish folktales. Our objective is to clarify and determine the elements and types of conjunction inside the texts of Kurdish folktales, and for such purpose we have used the theory of (De Beaugrande) using the Descriptive Analytical Approach. As a result we foundout that there are four types of Conjunctions, which are (coordinating, subordinating, correlative, and conjunctive adverb ), each one of them does the role of conjunction through a number of approaches in a language. This classification suits with the Kurdish language quite well. Besides, some elements may not be considered within the previous types. The study genererally consists of the theoretical aspect of the text and the point of view of De Beaugrande about the text and Cohesion. The study also studies the Conjunction, its features, the significance of using its elements and its types. We took some samples of texts from Kurdish folktales as the practical side of the study, and we determined the elements and types of Conjunction from them.

بوارێن واتایی یێن کارێن ھەستان د مەموزینێدا

زیرڤان ناصر, huda abdulqadir,

This research, titled "Sensory Verbs in Mem and Zin", is conducted at the level of lexical semantics. It is dedicated to highlighting the sensory verbs in the poetic epic Mem and Zin. The research was carried out using the descriptive method, and to show the percentage of the verbs, the statistical method was also employed. Sensory verbs are not merely grammatical elements—they also contribute significantly to semantic structure. Analyzing these verbs helps to clarify both the poetic and narrative aspects of the text. The aim of the research is to show how Ahmad Khani, in narrating the events of the story, employed sensory verbs. The research is divided into four main sections: the first discusses the theory of semantic fields; the second is devoted to the classification of semantic fields; the third focuses on verbs, particularly sensory verbs; and the fourth is the practical section, in which we extract the sensory verbs from the text of the epic and categorize them according to the five senses.

  The findings of the research indicate that the highest proportion of sensory verbs used were related to the sense of sight, followed by hearing, then the other senses. This is due to the significance of the sense of sight, as it is the most used human sense for perceiving and recognizing the external world. Therefore, it is natural for the poet to frequently use verbs such as "saw," "looked," "watched," "contemplated," and so on.

پەند وەک هونەری ئاخاوتن و ڕازیکردن درامای “کەوەکانی قەرەچووغ” بە نموونە

شاخەوان یەحیا

This research explores the role of proverbs as an effective tool for persuasion and the development of the art of speech in the dramatic series "Chukar partridges of Qarrachuwx" By analyzing proverbs within the scripted dialogues, the research reveals that proverbs are employed artistically and pragmatically, in which it made a close conection between lingustics and  social interaction. Proverbs serve as a cultural mechanism for organizing conversation and conveying social messages while optimally preserving traditions and humanistic values. The research begins with an introduction that outlines the topic and explains the need for research, along with a discussion of some of the previous research in this field. It then defines proverbs and their connection to linguistics, clarifying dialogue as a distinct form of speech. Additionally, the art of persuasion in speech is examined, highlighting its strong link to proverbs, while emphasizing the necessity of considering social and cultural contexts—an aspect thoroughly explained in the study. Finally, by analyzing the dialogues, showing the role of proverbs in them, It showed that proverbs were used effectively to control the listener's thoughts and behavior.

پێگەی زمانی كوردی له قوتابخانه ناكوردییەكانی شاری هه ولێر قوتابخانەی “سریانی و توركمانی’’ به نموونه

گەشاو معتصم, azad aziz,

The research study titled “The Status of the Kurdish Language in Non-Kurdish Schools in Erbil: The Case of Syriac and Turkoman Schools” is derived from a Master’s thesis submitted to the Department of Kurdish Language. The study aims to examine and assess the status of the Kurdish language and its sociocultural, linguistic, national, and religious significance in Erbil Governorate, particularly within schools where Kurdish is taught as a second language rather than a mother tongue. The Kurdish language holds a prominent position in Erbil, functioning as a socio-cultural phenomenon shaped by the usage, need, and proficiency of individual speakers. The study also explores the extent to which Kurdish language planning in the Kurdistan Region accommodates Turkomans and Assyrians, ensuring the protection of minority groups and supporting multilingualism without marginalizing their linguistic identities. For Turkomans and Assyrians, the Kurdish language is a second language not the mother language. This is an important aspect in the world, they have discussed it because understanding their problems and identifying them is a step to solving them, leading to more development in language and education.

پێوەرەکانی پۆلێنکردنی ستراتیژیی گوتار

عەدنان یونس, abdullah rasul,

This paper discusses the criteria that the sender
of discourse should consider in formulating
discourse strategies. There are three main
criteria: social criteria, linguistic criteria, and
discourse objective criteria. Whatever strategy
the sender chooses, he must take these criteria
into account in order for his discourse to achieve
.its objectives well
In the first topic, At the social level, new
theories of communication and discourse
communication are mentioned. The views of
Paul Grace, Robin Lakoff, Geoffrey Leach,
Penelope Brown, and Stebgen Levinson are
discussed, which define the boundaries and
manner of relationship between the two sides of
the discourse. What unites all views is Grace’s
principles of cooperation, which are the starting
point for other views. Grace’s later views are
within the framework of the phenomenon of
Politeness and protection of the dignity of
the receiver and sender in communication.
In the second topic, the criteria of discourse
form is mentioned, which affects the choice of
appropriate strategy for discourse. The language
levels that the sender should use as a basis for
developing the strategy are described. Such
as: levels of vocabulary, meaning, sound and
rhythm. The third theme is the criterion of the
purpose of the discourse, which the sender must
have a clear purpose in his speech, because the
purpose has a great impact and strategies are for
.the discourse to successfully achieve its goals

تایبەتمەندییەکانی زمانی ئایین

کارا عومەر, عومەر مەحمود, ,

This research, conducted as an academic necessity and simultaneously for a deeper understanding of religious language, focuses on the field of religious language. Among religions, our specific subject is the Islamic religion. Notably, the language of Islam is divided into the textual language of the Quran and the books of Sunnah, followed by the emergence of numerous sects, schools of thought, and diverse groups, each of which may possess its own linguistic characteristics. Therefore, our focus here is the religious language of the sacred text of the Quran. The selection of this topic and the determination of its title, (Characteristics of Religious Language), is not only an academic necessity but also addresses a noticeable scarcity of such research in the Kurdish language. Religious language is a vastly underexplored subject, with little academic research conducted in Kurdish. In this study, a descriptive-analytical approach has been followed, and by relying on cognitive linguistics, an effort has been made to conduct the research and derive a set of conclusions. This research consists of three sections: The first section, titled Religious Language: The Divine Language, refers to a set of divine attributes of religious language, including holiness, miracle, revelation, immutability, and invisibility. The second section, titled (The Musicality of Religious Language), discusses topics such as (euphony,  and memorability) as features of religious language.The third section, titled (The Rhetoric of Religious Language), examines topics such as (vagueness, metaphor, and poetic imagery) in religious language.

Keywords: Religious language, sacredness, metaphor, obscure, uncertain.

تەكنیكێن پرسکرن ێ و لۆژیكا بەرسڤڤەدانا و ێ د ئەدەب ێ كوردیدا پرسکرنەكا خانی و بەرسڤڤەدانا "حاجی قادری كۆیی" وەک نموونە

ئەحمەد قەرەنی,

Speech is one of the main principles of development of a human’s personality, and his relationship with others. The most difficult techniques of speech are the creating and expressing of questions. Because the levels of scientific questioning competence, high values and expertise in rhetoric of the individualwill be on display. If the first step of questioning starts with its creating techniques, it means it issearching for a goal.

This search, for the responding individual will be the start of a new step, which starts with finding the logic of a response that gets closer to the goals of the questioning. Reaching the goal will result in a balanced equation between any questioning and its response. Here we will reach an expected fork in the road, which is that the existence and perseverance of this balance depends on thetechniques of the questioning and the logic of the response, this equation can be seen in high literature. As proof of this fact in old Kurdish literature, the questionings of “Xani” and responses of “Haji Qadri Koyi” have been highlighted, and the process of the balancing of the equation between them has been studied.

جەختکرن د گۆڤەرا بەهدینیدا

هزرڤان عەلی, viyan ebrahim,

Emphasis is a linguistic phenomenon present in all languages of the world. This phenomenon aims to highlight a specific element or meaning in speech to attract the listener’s attention to it as the primary focus of the speaker. In the Kurdish language, this phenomenon is expressed through phonetic means (such as intonation and melody), morphological and syntactic means (such as the use of morphemes, word order, and intensification of structures), or through meaning.

The phenomenon of emphasis has not been studied in a detailed and comprehensive manner in the Behdini dialect of Kurdish. Therefore, this research attempts to shed light on emphasis at the syntactic level, describing the ways in which elements that perform the function of emphasis in a sentence are identified and encoded. It is hypothesized that at the syntactic level, there are multiple methods and elements to achieve this phenomenon. A descriptive-analytical approach was followed to achieve this goal. The research concluded that at the syntactic level, elements such as identification of elements, intensification of structure, repetition, and variety of means all contribute to the realization of emphasis.

كه‌ڤنخوازييا ناڤان د هۆزانێن مه‌لا خه‌ليل مشه‌ختيدا

سینەم رەسول, kamaran ebrahim,

Due to general changes in life, languages can become archaic and fall into disuse. Furthermore, they can also die out due to political, economic, and social pressures. The death of a language is not merely the loss of a collection of words, but the disappearance of an identity, history, and a cultural and intellectual heritage. Writers often resort to using these old words and expressions in their works, a practice known as archaism. The use of these archaic elements is not because the text itself is old, but rather because there is an artistic purpose behind it. Poets use archaism to lend a historical quality to their work, or it is utilized to preserve meter and rhyme and to create a specific musicality. In this way, archaism becomes an important tool for enriching the text and adding depth of meaning, connecting the reader to a different atmosphere. Archaism is the art of using the language of yesterday in the work of today to achieve specific objectives. This research has been conducted to identify the archaism of nouns in the poems of Mashexti, using a descriptive-analytical methodology. The findings indicate that the poet used these archaic nouns for nostalgic purposes and to express pride in the traditional Kurdish way of life. These words have served to enhance the poetic language and to create rhythm and rhyme for the text.

کێلە نەخشێنراوەکانی گوندی داوودیە و دۆڵەدزێ سەدەی ١٧ – ١٨ (ز) توێژینەوەیەكی مەیدانیی شیكاریی ه

ئەبوبەكر قاسم, زیاد ئەحمەد, ,

The Dawudiya and Dawla Dza cemeteries are located in the Bashdar area of ​​the Raparin district of Sulaymaniyah Governorate. The Dawudiya (Sheikh Farkh) cemetery is also located in the village of Dawudiya, Agricultural Sector (22), in the Halshuya (5) subdistrict, northeast of Qaladzeh. The Dawla Dza cemetery is located in the village of Dawul Dza, Agricultural Sector (37), in the Halshuya subdistrict, 12 km east of Qaladzeh city. The history of this cemetery is unclear, as there are no historical sources or evidence about the cemeteries. To determine the history of the cemeteries, we rely on the inscriptions and decorations carved on the gravestones. One of the gravestones depicts a rifle, dating back to the Middle Ages, 1446 AD. In this study, all the drawings and inscriptions found on gravestones and tombstones that have not been scientifically published before were analyzed. One of the gravestones is dedicated to Islam. The decorations on the gravestones of these cemeteries consist of geometric patterns of circles, triangles, rectangles, and bright stars, in addition to various surface patterns bearing images of ancient war weapons such as daggers, swords, and gunpowder.