Journal of the Kurdish Academy

INVESTIGATING KURDISH EFL UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ AWARENESS AND PRODUCTION IN USING ENGLISH GENERIC REFERENCE IN WRITING

Kashma Sardar Ali, Hoshang Farooq

This article aims to discover: (1) if Kurdish EFL students are aware of English generic referential items (2) whether Kurdish EFL students are able to differentiate between English generic and specific references, (3) whether Kurdish EFL students comprehend the correct semantic interpretations of English generic reference (4) and to discover possible students’ errors in using English generic reference in writing and attribute the errors to their sources. The study draws on the assumption that Kurdish EFL students' overuse of generic reference in writing could be a contributing factor in several error sources. Therefore, a quantitative test served eighty Kurdish EFLs as the means of data collection at four distinct colleges in the Kurdistan Region for the academic year 2021–2022. The statistical analysis of the data revealed that, about half of the Kurdish EFL test takers misapplied generic reference in their writings in the areas of syntax, semantics and discourse. The reasons could be negative interlingual and intralingual transfers, lack of students’ grammatical proficiency and the learning context.

Kingdom of Awan (Loristan) in the cuneiform sources

ئارام جه‌لال حەسەن هه‌مه‌وه‌ندی, موسا محەمەد خضر, لوقمان عەبدولواحید عوزێر

The Kingdom of Awan is one of the most powerful neighboring kingdoms of Mesopotamia in the third millennium BC, and its capital was the city of Awan, whose location has not yet been discovered. There are many opinions about the site of the city, Some researchers believe that it is located near the Dizful River, provided that the city is not far from the city of Susa, Others believe that the city's remains are located in the region of Luristan, which represents the capital of the Kingdom of Awan..

The region of Lurestan witnessed the emergence of the oldest Elamite kingdom in the third millennium BC, where two dynasties ruled, known as the first and second Awan dynasties, the first Awan dynasty that was ruling during the Early Sumerian dynastic period, and it was mentioned in the Sumerian king list as one of the countries and cities that the kingship of Sumer passed to him.

While the second Awan dynasty ruled in third dynasties period through the Akkadian period and continued until the Gutians came to rule in Mesopotamia, where 12 kings ruled. One of the most famous kings of the second dynasty of Awan, was King Ḫita, who made a peace agreement with akkadian king Naram-Sin. And another famous King was Puzur-En-Šušinak, who expanded the borders of the Kingdom of Awan to include all the countries of Elam and the northern regions of Babylonia.

Language varieties in Farhad Pirbal’s novel ‘My Father’s Tales’

عومەر ئەحمەد عەبدولڕەحمان,

Language varieties in Farhad Pirbal’s novel ‘My Father’s Tales’

Abstract

This research, which shows the phenomenon of language varieties in society, belongs to sociolinguistics. The phenomenon exists in all languages all over the world.  this is because any society consists of some social classes. the components includes both genders, different ages, educated and uneducated, et.. It is obvious that each individual has his/her own particular language. their language is distinguished by specific terms. The study has chosen an exemplary sample, which is ‘My Father’s Tales’. the researcher intends to know whether the story has befitted from the varieties or not.  The study aims to find out if women speak like women, farmers like farmers, and so on. another objective of the study is to know if the social and cultural difference have any impact on their languages. The study comprises two parts: the first part is theoretical and the second part is practical.

Monologue is one of the most crucial narrative devices stressed by storytellers in the early 20th century. James Joyce, Georgina Woolf, and Marcel Proust all incorporated this method into their novels and stories. This technique has been applied in several stories all around the world to disclose the characters' innermost thoughts. This strategy has also caught the attention of Sherzad Hassan. This academic study discusses this approach, and the researchers use Sherzad Hassan's collection of short stories (Loneliness) to illustrate the several varieties of this technique. Finally, this scientific study concluded that there are direct and indirect monologues in his collection of stories, but no self-talk is used.

ئامينه ياسين محەمەد

Monologue is one of the most crucial narrative devices stressed by storytellers in the early 20th century. James Joyce, Georgina Woolf, and Marcel Proust all incorporated this method into their novels and stories. This technique has been applied in several stories all around the world to disclose the characters' innermost thoughts. This strategy has also caught the attention of Sherzad Hassan. This academic study discusses this approach, and the researchers use Sherzad Hassan's collection of short stories (Loneliness) to illustrate the several varieties of this technique. Finally, this scientific study concluded that there are direct and indirect monologues in his collection of stories, but no self-talk is used.

Occasions of the Erbil plain – work occasions and folklore texts as examples

مەولود ئیبراهیم حەسەن, مەسعود عەبدوڵلا مستەفا

This thesis, titled "Occasions in Erbil Plain - Work Occasions as an Example", is an attempt to introduce the occasions and their cognitive impacts on Erbil Plain.

It is common for nations all over the world to celebrate their own events, and Kurdish people are no different. In this article the researcher is focusing on the events of Erbil Plain. And this is taken from work occasions such as harvesting, wheat-dust cleaning, weighing wheat, crushing wheat to couscous, milk churning, and spinning the wool into thread.

The occasions may be annual, seasonal, international, or they may be personal or public, such as when a couple gets married, a baby is born, or someone passes away.

Whether joyous or sorrowful, all occasions in Kurdistan have and provide a traditional Kurdish flavour and meaning.

It is obvious that the simple and effortful life in the Erbil plain has enriched the folklore of the area with several specific and general occasions.

The current study is consisted of the following sections; abstract, introduction, two sections, study results and reference list. The first section is theoretical which is specific to defining and conceptualizing the language, culture and types of these occasions. In the second section, which is empirical, the most important events in Erbil plain are illustrated.

The work occasions in Erbil Plain have led to creating a special way of thinking and understanding specific to Erbil Plain. Poetry has a major role in the literature of such occasions in Erbil Plain. As a result, this literature has become a means to preserve the Erbil Plain dialect through the phases of development of people as a unique lingual dictionary. Literature and culture have enabled this dialect to survive until the present day, and without them this dialect would have been an obsolete dialect.

Reflection of Oedipus complex in the Kurdish fairy tale

أڤراز سليمان حاجی

Psychology, especially the school of psychoanalysis, has taken great interest in literary production and conducted many researches on several novels, plays and poems in order to prove the existence of the Oedipus complex. Psychological and subjected the literary text under the scale of the Oedipus complex, first to know the psychology of the writer, then to show the effect of production on the psychology of the recipient due to the presence of this complex in the text, and finally to search for unconscious signals in the text itself. This research is an attempt to analyze the fairy tale as a model, according to the signs and language of the unconscious, which indirectly expresses the Oedipus complex.

Social disintegration in the Kurdish novel

عەبدولڵا ڕەحمان عەوڵا,

Social disintegration is a method that works on the social structure and will rebuild it again, and in many cases, it transforms human life from one state to another. These conditions consist of the result of social problems and these cases can be treated by change and social growth. Knowing (social disintegration) of a kind that treats problems, but at the same time can reverse the state of negativity. Therefore, the concept of social disintegration manifests itself in a negative way, and in many cases, it is an involuntary remedy in solving social problems.

From this observatory, the novel in terms of other styles has a greater role in presenting and embodying cases of social analysis. Because the novel and by its nature a renewed (modern) style through the many techniques and the length of the entities facilitates this opportunity, as they describe with complete accuracy the parties and dimensions of social disintegration. And draws a clear picture for the reader, in terms of the effectiveness and impact of these cases of social disintegration on the individual and society.

The National Question in the Light of the Discourse of Political Islam

سربست نبي

Abstract

Dr. Sarbast Nabi

Koya University

The blatant paradox reveals the size and depth of the tragedy that the Kurds have historically been subjected to by political regimes. These regimes have adopted Islam and its sacred discourse as a method and pretext for practising policies of denial, oppression, and extermination until today. Meanwhile, most parties and movements of political Islam are involved with these regimes in justifying regimes’ repressive political practices against the Kurdish people elsewhere and denying their human plight. Further, some leaders of these movements accused Kurds of blasphemy because Kurds opposed dictatorship and rose against oppression. 

This paper argues that the ideological structure of the prevalent political thinking of the Islamists and doctrinal confiscations that dominate Islamist discourse contradict the requirements of the democratic and emancipatory discourse of the Kurdish question and its political goal. The paper points out that the alignment with demands of the discourse of political Islam and accepting its ideological confiscations necessarily constitute an alienation of the national consciousness.

This discussion aims to answer the following question: Does the discourse of political Islam meet the requirements of the Kurdish national question and its goals of liberation, equality, and development? The counter hypothesis, which this research tends to agree with, says the political and ideological reference adopted by Kurdish Political Islam does not encompass a genuine recognition of the right of the Kurdish nation of self-determination away from the of political and ideological tutelage of the Islamic (Umma) project. The Umma, is significantly dominated by countries that collude in practising oppression and denial of the Kurdish identity.

Ways of achieving Knowledge Certainty by Abu Hanid al Ghazali

هاوكار حەمەد خدر,

At any stage and circumstance, human beings have always tried to achieve real knowledge. For this purpose, he has taken different paths and methods. Ghazali points out that he has tried almost all methods and philosophical ways to achieve a kind of knowledge without doubt. Although one can know in many different ways, such as (our feelings and reason), Ghazali rejects such knowledge and believes that we cannot know everything, until eventually adopts this knowledge because of Sufism. The Sufi knowledge has no doubt, because we can achieve it from a perfect source, which is God, through the light that God pours it into the hearts that have been enlightened by the light of faith and cleansed from sins, bad actions and words. This study used both analytical and comparative methods to reach desired conclusions.

Key words: Ghazali, knowledge, Sufism, doubt, reason, certainty

دروستەی ڕستە لە زمانی کوردیدا بەپێی ڕێزمانی پەیوەندییانە

ئارام ڕەشید مەجید,

 The theory of Relational Grammar is one of the theories that considers the structure of the sentence to the relational structure, that is grammatical relations are what form the initial and final formulation of the sentence.

The research is divided into two parts. In the first part of the research, we presented the theoretical basis and the most important concepts on which the theory is based in analysing the relational structure of the sentence. The second section of the research includes four sub-parts, the first section studies categories  according to the theory of Relational Grammar, the second section studies the simple sentence structure in the Kurdish language based on the concepts of Relational Grammar theory, and the third section includes a study of the passive phenomenon in the Kurdish language from the perspective of Relational Grammar, and the section fourth presents complex sentence structure from the perspective of Relational Grammar. In the last section we study a reflexive clause.

ڕۆلێ بنەمایێن ده‌نگسازیێ د وەرارا سه‌روایا هۆزانا كوردیدا هۆزانێن کرمانجییا ژۆری وەک نموونە

كاوه طاهر ظاهر

   Phonology is one of the language levels and it has a significant role in expressing the specific sounds and the general sounds of a particular language. In this paper we seek to show the role of phonology in the literary field, specifically poetry.

   The role of the phone and the phoneme as major components of phonology in the field of linguistics is illustrated and explained and researches have been done on the relevant topic previously but their role in literature has not been clearly clarified and has not been worked on it much.

   In this paper, we have shown the role of phone and phonemes in building the rhythm of Kurdish poetry in different stages. For this purpose, many some poetic examples as research tools have been explained in it. This paper except the introduction and conclusion consists of many other topics.

ميتافۆری چەمکیی ڕەنگ لە زمانی کوردیدا

ڕوخسار نەبی مەقدید,

A research entitled (Conceptual Metaphor of Color in Kurdish Language), which attempts to analyze the conceptual metaphor of basic colors from the perspective of this theory.

This explains that any of the colors (white, black, yellow, green, red, blue) can become the source domain to represent the information in the target domain, which is an abstract field, so the information in these areas are presented in a concrete manner. Conceptual metaphors of colors also fall into both positive and negative semantic zones, due to differences in human thinking and cultures.

هذه الدراسة هي محاولة لبيان أنواع الأساطير من وجهات نظر مختلفة.  أي بمعنى أن البحث يعرض التصنيفات المختلفة لأنواع الأساطير. وفیها يتم التأكيد على التوظیف والتقنيات، وذلك لإظهار كيفية توظیف الأساطير في الرواية ، أي نوع التقنية التي تكرس فيها كل أسطورة. أن الغرض من البحث هو مناقشة كيفية توظیف الأسطورة في الرواية. تكمن أهمية البحث في إظهار كيفية استخدام أنواع الأساطير في نص الرواية لتحقيق أغراض مختلفة. وهذا يعني أن البحث يركز على انعكاس الاسطورة بأنواعها وتقنيات توظیفها في الرواية. ويستند البحث إلى جزئین ، فالجزء الأول مدخل نظري لعرض مصطلح ومفهوم التوظيف والأسطورة، ثم يسلط الضوء على تقنيات التوظيف. والجزء الثاني یتناول أنواع الأساطير وتوظیفهم في رواية کوجرەو کوجرەو ل عبد الله السراج. وفي النهاية تعرض النتائج وقائمة المصادر.

نعمه‌ قه‌ره‌نی ئیسماعیل, نه‌وزاد وەقاس سه‌عید,

This study is entitled "The Use of Myth in Kurdish Novel, Abdullah Saraj's Kochraw Kochraw as an example". The study is an attempt to present the types of myth from different perspectives, that is, it highlights the classifications for the types of myths. In this study, the Use of myth and its techniques are emphasized in order to present how the myths have been used in the novel. That is, the study is concerned with various techniques of the Use of myth in the mentioned novel. The significance of the study lies in the way myth is reflected in Kochraw Kochraw' novel. The study is divided into two parts. The focus of the first part is on introduction, the concept and term of Use, the definition of myth and then Use techniques. The second part embraces the types of myth and the Use of myth types in Abdullah Saraj's Kochraw Kochraw. Finally, the conclusion, references and Arabic and English abstracts of the study are presented.