Journal of the Kurdish Academy

ئیکۆلۆژیا و سروشت لە شیعری هاوچەرخى کوردیدا

سۆران مامەند عەبدوڵڵا, مەولود ئیبراهیم حەسەن

     This research which is entitled “Ecology and Nature in the Contemporary Kurdish Poetry’’ attempts to study the contemporary Kurdish poetry from an ecocritical point of view. Apparently, ecocriticism is a unique theory among other new literary theories because it has a direct relation to the science of ecology. Ecocriticism first appeared at the end of the twentieth century and it deals with the relationship between literature and physical social environment. An eco-critic deals with the environmental crisis and ecocriticism can be simply defined as the study of the relation between human and non-human beings along the history and human culture, also the negative effects on the environment and its structure by human being. In addition, this research despite of arguing the significance of the ecocritical views in the human sciences, briefly it points at some important views and belief of the Kurdish and foreign writers concerning today’s global threats towards the environment as they are presented in literature. Furthermore, it is important for us to know how such a serious and critical issue is dealt with in Kurdish literature and especially how it is touched and projected in the Kurdish poetry.

ئێكه‌تیا ئایینان د هزرا مه‌لایێ جزیریدا

وحید نعمت رمضان

The emergence of irfani (mystic) poetry in the Islamic world is one of the most potential literary trends and includes many significant topics, the unity of religions being an example. This article investigates the acceptance of the thought of several religions in one person. The leader of this theory is Ibn Arabi (1165-1240 CE). (Unity of Religions in Jaziri's Thought) is one of the interesting topics in his diwan (collection of poems) and covers a significant portion of it. With an irfani notion, he strongly emerges in the 19th century AH. Obviously, Jaziri has benefited from each of the concepts of religions (Christian, Yezidi, Jewish, etc.). In spite of divine religions, Jaziri has also referred to non-divine religions, such as idolatry.

 The research has relied on the descriptive-analytical method, by conducting interpretation of poetic verses from Jaziri’s Diwan followed by presenting the research results

التحليل المورفومتري لتحديد أولويات الصيانة في الأحواض الجنوبية الغربية لسلسلة جبل آكري

هوزان صادق مولود, حكمت عبدالعزيز حمد الحسيني

Water erosion-prone areas within conservation watersheds, whichare one of the basic components of the environment, is necessary, especially at this time when there are many wrong interactions with humans and their improper dealings with the environment and its components. Since it is not possible to carry out integrated maintenance on large areas at the same time, attempting to determine the water erosion levels as a basis for determining maintenance priorities using morphometric variables is one of the effective means to speed up the maintenance process and achieve its framework. This study aims to draw a map of water erosion levels and highlight their spatial variations in the southwestern basins of the Aqra mount chain. To achieve this end, the study focused on the topographical characteristics and the drainage network as they are more closely related to water erosion, and then calculating the value of their variables in river basins by applying the square grid method, and the study reached a set of results, the most important of which are: The mean gradient is one of the most influential morphometric variables on the amount and levels of water erosion

بررسی عنصر گره¬افکنی در دو روايت لیلی و مجنون نظامی و مم و زين خانى

جیهاد شکری رشید,

Complication is one of the most important elements of plot which plays such a significant role in story planning, coherence, and its development. The complications constructed in a story must be in accordance with the writer's creative imagination and his/her applied writing techniques and eventually have to be resolved logically. In this research, applying bibliographic and descriptive-analytic method, it is being endeavored to tackle Laila and Majnoon and Mam and Zin in order to observe how the authors of the respective literary works have applied the element of complication in their stories' plot-lines and how much they have been successful providing logical resolutions for the embedded complications in their stories. The findings of the current research crystal-clearly portray the significant importance of complication in plot formation as one of the most important components in the both literary works which keeps them consistent and coherent generally in their literal nature

بەراوردکردنی نیشانەی ڕێزمانی و ئامراز لە زمانی کوردیدا

ڕێباز مه‌حمود محه‌مه‌دساڵح, عەبدوڵڵا حوسێن ڕەسوول

This research entitled (Comparison of Grammatical Signs and Articles in Kurdish Language) , is an attempt to discuss an important topic of language, which has not been tackled in detail and scientifically in Kurdish language، besides some mistakenly called grammar signs articles and vice versa.

The discussion will be more in terms of Morphology and syntax, because the confusion of grammatical signs and articles, which is a common mistake، is mostly due to their form.

This research consists of a forword, three sections, results, and a list of references.

Part One: Identifies a sign that includes concepts, characteristics, definitions, and symbol types.

Part Two: Includes: (Concepts, characteristics, definitions, and types of communication tools, investigators and conveyors, as well as the separation of grammar signs and instruments with words).

Part Three: Includes common and different points, which are between grammar signs and tools.

پێگەى خوێنەر لە كۆمەڵە چيرۆكى (نووسينەوەى دڕك)ى (ئارام كاكەى فەلاح)دا

جەلال ئەنوەر سەعيد, سومەييە نەجيب خەليل,

From long ago, the process of the relation among the human beings have consisted of three major poles which are speaker, speech, and recipient. These three poles have not been considered equally in the process of criticism, but each has been tackled at a cetain period according to the development of criticism. At the beginning, the contextual methods in the historical, psychological, and social views have considered the writer only thinking that the writer is the main factor of the invention. Later, the Russian formalists and after them the structuralists, in a very severe reaction, separated the writer to a level of death from the text and focused on the text completely.  Then appeared the theory of the recipient which viewed importantly in the role of recipient generally and the reader particularly thinking that the recipient is no longer a silent and a follower, but it is an active pole and will have its role in the re-structuring the text. This opened the ways of possibilities of multi readings and explanations and gave a view opened text. In other meaning the text to participate the readers in its text, should be an opened text carrying different explanations.

In this point of view we have decided to make recipient and reader the subject of this thesis in the short stories collection “re-writing thorn” of Aram Kakay Falah, because the topic of recipient and reader is a new topic in Kurdish criticism and Aram has taken care specifically in this collection of the reader and tried to participate the reader directly in his stories.

For this purpose, we have divided the thesis into two aspects. In the first one, we have stated the concept and terminology of recipient and in the second one we have pointed out and analyzed the types of reader according to the twins of singularity & plurality, external and internal, typical, and normal reader. Finally, we have recorded the most important conclusions of the thesis and list of the references.

ڕەهەندی ئەفسانەیی لە شیعرەکانی (حاجی قادری کۆیی) دا

دلاوه‌ر عومه‌ر حه‌مه‌د, ئیدریس عه‌بدوڵڵا مسته‌فا

Research into "Legends in the Poems of Haji Qader Koyi" is a step for introducing the world of "Haji Qader" and the impact of folklore on his poems, especially "legends".

The poet tried to blend the available materials of folklore into his poems, so that both the audience can understand and to express the most meaning in a short expression.

The foundation of folklore especially legendary is important to history and to the preservation of this folklore wealth through poetry.

These and other discussions of legendary are shown and explained in detail. The purposes for that Haji Qader used his legends have also been mentioned. The poet tried to show Kurdish Legends to the future generation in order that Kurds would benefit from global legends and enrich their literature with them.

شیکردنەوەی پەندی پێشینانی کوردی بەپێی یاساکانی گوێزانەوە

خەسرۆ جەلال خدر, ساجیدە عەبدوڵڵا فەرهادی

This study is an attempt to apply the conversion rules to Kurdish proverbs, although the proverb is a fixed expression, and is not easily subject to all transformations, but according to the rules of transformation, after generating the basic sentence of the proverb in the deep structure, it needs several transformation rules to reach the surface structure. Since the pro verbs are intentional, the speaker often intentionally emphasizes a certain element or elements of the proverb's structure, changing them or moving them back and forth, in order to facilitate the process of arriving at the intended meaning; This arrangement does not change the case and grammatical function of the elements. The study consists of two chapters in addition to an introduction and results:

 The first chapter: It revolves around the grammatical elements and the semantic relations between them, and the patterns of their arrangement in the composition of Kurdish proverbs.

The second chapter: is devoted to the conversion rules in Kurdish proverbs. We have tried, as much as possible, to prove and explain the rules applied in the surface structure of Kurdish proverbs

عه‌ونی یوسف ١٩٠٨-١٩٨٨ ژیان و ڕۆڵی سیاسی

شوان محەمەدئەمین تەها, مستەفا محەمەد كەریم, بارزان محەمەد عەلی

This study attempts to explore one of the great Kurdish political and intellectual figures (Aouni Yusuf) who had a major role in the twentieth century in the development of the national freedom movement in Iraqi Kurdistan. As despite all these great accomplishments, he was not appreciated and recognized in the history of his nation, we have devoted this study to this topic under the title (Aouni Youssef 1908-1988, his life and his political role). Aside from the introduction, this study has two main parts. The first part is devoted to his biography, personality traits, and his role in many government jobs and positions. The second part focuses on the political role and struggle in the Kurdish liberation movement, and his political activities in the secret and overt Kurdish political parties.

كرده‌یا په‌یماندانێ د كورته‌ چیرۆكا باژێرێ ژێر زه‌ميندا

زيمار سەعدوڵلا محەمەد, جيهان غياث محێ, سلێمان هشيار محەمەد

The speech act of promising is one of the major topics in pragmatics. It refers to a speaker's commitment whether to perform an action or not. This study addresses the speech act of promising in a short story entitled "The Underground City". The study is an attempt to examine the speech act of promising following Austin's model and applying it to Ismail Hajani's short story "The Underground City". The aim of this study is to identify all the speech acts of promising in this short story. Moreover, it tries to identify the direct and indirect speech acts of promising with their frequencies and percentages. In addition to an introduction, results and bibliography, this study consists of two sections. The first section covers definitions, terminology, characteristics and functions of the speech act of promising. The second section examines the speech act of promising in the aforementioned short story based on Austin's model with reference to their frequencies

كۆچ و تاراوگه له‌ شیعری شاعیرانی كورد دا "مه‌ولانا خالید، نالی، حاجی قادر، پیره‌مێرد، شێركۆ بێكه‌س" به‌ نموونه‌

حه‌مه‌ نووری عومه‌ر كاكی

This study discusses the migration of poets, and then analyzes some poetic texts as models of poets who talked about the phenomenon of migration. Classic poets have recorded a lot of diverse topics, including historical, linguistic, religious and social and so on. They also talked about the distance, the remoteness, and the mental illnesses that strangers have. All these topics were also addressed by classical Kurdish poets, writers and contemporary poets as well. This study took the descriptive analytical approach to the analysis of poetic texts. In conclusion, the most important results of the study were presented in a number of points, and then presented those sources used by the study respectively.

کۆتکردنی چاڵاکی گیرەک لە داڕشتنی وشەی زمانی کوردیدا

سروە جەعفەر محەمەدئەمین, عەبدوڵلا عه‌زیز بابان

This study is within the framework of lexicology, which explains the action of constraint, which is the non-return of one form due to the presence of another form, and discusses how to prevent the formation of words and terms in terms, which describes the steps of this negative effect, and the difference between the strength of the grip and the weakness of the grip in constraint. This paper consists of two parts

The first part includes the concept and definition of constraints in word formation, the causes of constraints, the negative effects of constraints on word production, and the differences between the strengths and weaknesses of constraints in constraints.

The second part contains some suggestions for the treatment and structure of Kurdish vocabulary.

ناوی هه‌ولێر له‌ سه‌رچاوه‌ كۆنه‌كاندا

موسا محەمەد خضر, ئارام جه‌لال حەسەن, كه‌یفی جه‌لال ته‌ها

This research discusses the geographical position of Erbil and its name in different periods of history. Erbil has a very ancient history that is not known exactly, but for the first time its name dates back to the Akkadian period. Then, during Erbil in the Gutian Period, there was clear reference to an attack on Erbil by the kings, Erbil in the Ur III Period Year names indicate that Erbil (Urbilum). Its name appears in ancient Babylonian, ancient Assyrian and Central Assyrian times. It is interesting that in the Neo-Assyrian period, the name of Erbil came as (Arba- ilu) Many historians have attributed the name of Erbil to that time as the city of four gods This is a mistake because the name was only used at that time and an abbreviated term used by the Assyrians for many cities in Mesopotamia. In the Achaemenid period, the name of Erbil was (Arbira). In the Greek period, the name was (Arbela). Then, according to the times, the name changed to Hawler. These changes are presented on a scientific basis within the framework of the study