Journal of the Kurdish Academy

بنه مايێنن ڕەخنەیا ڕەوشەنبیری د تێکستێ شانۆیێدا شانۆگه رييا (کەڕەکان) وه كو نموون ه

میڤان علي

Cultural criticism is among the literary theories that emerged post-modernity and structuralism in the modern era,
significantly contributing to the realm of critical studies. Cultural criticism concerns itself with the examination
of cultural themes to uncover a range of inquiries, including cultural concepts, cultural patterns, and cultural
genres within literary and artistic output. Furthermore, this study delves into investigating how cultural patterns
are reflected in textual discourse, distinct from the literary and artistic critique associated with Aristotelian
standards, designed to classify literary and artistic genres and discern elite from popular productions, through the
employment of language, rhetoric, and aesthetics. This study aims to unveil the underlying and concealed cultural
pattern beneath the apparent aesthetic structure in the play “The Deaf” by the playwright “Farhad Pirbal.” The
play narrates a conflict between the idealized realm of the calm individual and the real world filled with clamor,
violence, and the dominance of cultural industries

پلانێن لەشکەریێن هێزێن پێشمەرگەی د شەرێن دەڤەرا بەهدینان دا د ناڤبەرا ١١ ئەیلوولا ١٩٦١ – ٨ شوباتا ١٩

وان كاميران, د.فرهاد محمد,

The topic of the September Revolution (1961-1975) is considered one of the most important topics in the history
of Kurdistan during the twentieth century. However, many of its aspects remain dark and have not been
researched, including the topic of military plans, which has not been given its due due in historical studies. Therefore,
this study came to fill part of the question. That vacuum, especially in Bahdinan, where the first battles of
the September Revolution took place.
This research is an attempt to explain the methods and military plans of the Peshmerga forces in the battles
that broke out in Bahdinan during the period (1961-1963), during which many battles took place, including:
Gali Zawita, Lumana-Kavlasni, Gali Qantara, Gali Zakho, and Ain Zala operation that The Peshmerga forces
achieved major victories, thanks to the successful military plans drawn up by Mullah Mustafa Barzani and the
Peshmerga leaders. These victories were the reason for the September Revolution to continue until 1975, to cover
a wide geographical area of southern Kurdistan from Zakho to Khanaqin, and to have an impact on the level of
the Kurdish issue internally and externally.

ڕاپەڕینێن بابلییان ل دژی دەولەتا هەخامەنشییان ) 522 - 481 ب.ز(

عەتەم مستەفا, د. محەمەد ساڵح,

After killing Geumat/Bardiya, Darius sat on the throne of Achaemenid governance in 522 B.C., most of the nations
under the Persian’s rule revolted against him so that two out of nine uprisings against Darius took place in Babylon
during the first two years of his dominion. Among the rebel nations, the Babylonians were the first to rise against
After several years of suppressing the previous rebellions, two more rebellions occurred in the early years of Darius.
Xerxes’ reign. For this reason, in this research, relying on the Bisotun text and the Babylon cuneiform text as well as
new resources, research has been done on the first uprisings during the reign of Darius and Xerxes. First, the events
of the uprising have been studied and analyzed, afterward; the reasons for the beginning of the uprising and their
outcomes have been discussed and analyzed. At the end, unlike some other popular opinions, in this study it is shown
was political-national and for independence. that the uprising against the Achaemenids

Affixation in English with Reference to Dialects in Kurdish

Dr. Azad Tahir,

          Derivational morphology form new words either by changing the meaning of the base to which they are attached, or by changing the word  classes .The present study aims at investigating affixation  in English language versus in Kurdish language as a significant comparative analysis. According to a genetic factor (i.e. genetic similarities), both languages are descended from Indo – European Language Family.     

          Section one deals with the introduction that sheds light on the derivational morphology. The purpose of the study to create new words, the limitation of the study, the method of research is a comparative  study to shed light on similarities and dissimilarities between English and Kurdish and  the significance  of the study for non – native learners and educators as a second language in both languages English and Kurdish.

         Section two consists of the definitions of morphology, morphological terms such as derivation versus inflection, root, base, morpheme,  types of morphemes, two diagrams of subdivision of morphology and different types of affixation ,  ( prefix, infix, suffix ) and allomorphs, allomorphic forms, the rules of word formation. There are four ways of derivation to change the meaning and  category ; affixation is one of them.

       Section three  points out the comparative analysis of the types of affixation in English language versus Kurdish language, it comes up with some significant points. At the end the study presents references and websites.  

An Empirical Analysis of the Effect of Economic Factors on Educational Planning in Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Bana Basil, Dr: Emad Aziz,

This empirical study examines how economic considerations affect educational planning in Iraqi Kurdistan. The study examines budgetary issues, education costs, economic development, labor market demand, and return on investment. The study seeks to illuminate the relationship between these economic determinants and educational planning outcomes, helping the region design effective educational policies and programs. 118 participants participated in the study. Systematic sampling determined the sample size. Surveys and questionnaires measured budgetary considerations, education costs, economic development, labor market demand, and educational planning. Data was analyzed using correlation, factor and hierarchical regression analysis. The study found positive correlations between Kurdistan's educational planning, budgetary considerations, education costs, economic development, and labor market demand. The return on investment did not affect educational planning. This study impacts Kurdistan's educational policymakers, institutions, and stakeholders. The findings show that budgetary allocations, education costs, economic development, and labor market demands must be prioritized. These recommendations aim to improve education quality, accessibility, and relevance, boosting regional socioeconomic growth. This study is limited by its sample size and geography. Economic issues and their longitudinal implications for educational planning should be studied in a wider framework. The findings support informed decision-making and the creation of regional evidence-based educational policies and programs.

A Qualitative Action Research Study on LearnerCentered Teaching in EFL Classes Within Three Public Schools in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Dildar Abdulhameed, Ismael Louber

Abstract

This action research study aims to promote learner-centered teaching to EFL teachers in public schools in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. The primary objectives of this study are investigating the effects of the training of this study on LCT practice of participants and identifying challenges of implementing LCT in this context. Twenty EFL teachers participated in a 6-day training, with three of them selected for next stages of the study. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and post-observation online interviews. The findings of this study reveal that the training had a positive impact on teachers' perceptions of LCT, leading to their enthusiastic endorsement of the approach and notable changes in their teaching. Furthermore, this study found significant challenges of implementing this approach which are related to students, teachers, and the education system, highlighting the need for educational policymakers and decision-makers to reconsider priorities such as curriculum design, assessment methods, and resource allocation to align with the principles and requirements of LCT. The study underscores the need for comprehensive training programs for students, teachers, head-teachers, and supervisors to enable effective LCT implementation.

Key words: Learner-Centered Teaching, Action Research, Challenges, professional development

CONCEPTUAL TRANSFER IN KURDISH EFL LEARNERS’ SPOKEN PERFORMANCE.

Rawand Ahmed, Jamal Ali, ,

The present investigation aimed to explore the potential and scope of concept transfer in parity and internal content among Kurdish learners of English as a foreign language, utilising Jarvis' (2007) framework. Specifically, the study focused on three aspects: concepts in Kurdish that lack direct equivalents in English, concepts that are either more encompassing or narrowing than their English counterparts, and concepts in Kurdish and English that seem to be broadly equivalent but still exhibit subtle differences. The study also examined the role of language proficiency in the potential transfer of concepts among Kurdish learners of English as a foreign language. The research participants consisted of 20 female and 10 male Kurdish learners who were enrolled in English language courses at the University of Raparin located in Raniyah city, Kurdistan region of Iraq. The students were classified into stages two and four under the English department of the College of Basic Education. A placement test was conducted to reaffirm the learners’ English level. Visual tests were used, consisting of the presentation of images and a brief movie, in order to conduct comparisons between the groups. The statistical software SPSS (version 26) was applied for data analysis. Upon doing statistical analysis on the data, the results revealed noteworthy instances of conceptual transfer occurring from the Kurdish language to English. Both types of positive and negative CLI occurred and the influence of the participants' English proficiency level on their ability to transmit ideas was also seen.

Investigating the Impact of Scaffolding Strategy on EFL Learners’ Writing Skill at Soran University

Naznaz Shawqi, Dr. Hoshang Farooq,

         This study aims to investigate the effect of scaffolding on learners' English writing skill. In order to carry out this study, sixty-one English major sophomore students were selected from faculty of Arts at Soran University in the academic year 2022-2023. For the purpose of data collection, a quantitative quasi-experimental method was used. Both pre-test and post-test were undertaken with two groups; the control group which received the traditional method, and an experimental group who implemented the scaffolding instruction. Following the administration of tests, the students' scores were collected, and the results were statistically analyzed. The findings of the study reveal that the students who received instructions through the scaffolding strategy performed better than those who have been taught with the traditional method. The study highlights the importance of using scaffolding strategies in language instruction and suggests that educators should incorporate these strategies into their teaching practices to enhance the language learning experience for their students.

إتجاهات المرأة القيادية نحو عمل المرأة القيادي في المجتمع الكوردي

سنور عبدالله, د. مراد حكيم,

This study aimed to identify the attitudes of the Kurdish society towards the leadership work of women in government institutions in the Kurdistan Region; Through a sample of female leaders, as they are the best representatives of themselves in describing their situation and the view of the family and society towards them. The study also sought to identify the obstacles faced by women leaders. The study relied on collecting data on an interview with women in leadership positions in government institutions. The study sample consisted of (50) women leaders.

The study concluded that the Kurdish society is characterized by a positive view of women in general, and the prevailing trend with regard to women's leadership work is the positive trend, although it cannot be denied that there are negative influences alien to the Kurdish community from other "neighboring" eastern cultures, as there are models for women leaders in The Kurdish cultural heritage is not a new issue, but rather these models were and still exist by Kurdish women.

ئه‌ڵته‌رناتیڤی دیفتۆنگ‌ له‌ زمانی كوردیدا

ڕێبین خالید,

This research is titled ((The Alternative of diphthong in Kurdish Language)) the scope of the research includes Central Kurdish (Sorani) Dialect. For the sake of Comparison, Samples from other Subdialects are taken and they are analyzed according to Synchronic-Analytic method. In general, the aim of this study is to eliminate the presence and absence of diphthong in Kurdish language on a scientific basis, because this phonetic phenomenon requires a comprehensive study. Although, it has not been refered to this phenomenon primarily, there is a Sort of ambiguity due the lack of understanding the concept and structure of diphthong. Likewise at the possibility of not having a diphthong, this study tries to find alternatives to this phenomenon. Accordingly, the study is divided into five sections: Section one is an introduction to the topic. Section two talks about the concept and the term diphthong. Section three: explains the type of diphthong. Section four: covers the existence and absence of diphthong in the Kurdish language has been discussed. Section five: the alternative of diphthong in Kurdish language has been presented.

الأديب البارع یعقوب بن أحمد الكُردي الرابط بين اللغة العربية و النخبة العلمية في نیسابور

د. حیدر لشكري,

This paper delves into the life and contributions of Yaqub ibn Ahmad al-Kurdi, an accomplished scholar, poet, lexicographer, and mentor in medieval Nishapur. Born in an era characterized by dynamic intellectual exchanges, Yaqub's journey is explored, shedding light on his affiliation with both the Shia' and Mu'tazila schools of thought, amid religious diversity and philosophical debates in Nishapur.

Yaqub's impact extended beyond his role as an educator and poet; his lexical works remain a testament to his dedication to the Arabic language. His compilation of "Al-Akhtyarāt al-Adabiyyah" and selections of verses from prominent poets like Al-Mutanabbi and Al-Buhturi demonstrated his commitment to preserving and analyzing the Arabic literary heritage. This scholarly endeavour was rooted in his belief that poetry was a valuable source for linguistic and grammatical studies. His interest in lexicography seamlessly intertwined with his linguistic pursuits, as he excelled in teaching Arabic and contributed to the development of the science of language.

Furthermore, Yaqub's lexicographic works, notably "Al-Bulghah al-Mutamathil fi al-Lughah" and "Al-Muhadhdhab fi al-Masādir," have left a lasting impact on the study of the Arabic language and its interaction with Persian. Through meticulous analysis, he examined the intricate relationship between Arabic and Persian, revealing the intricate linguistic exchanges between the two languages. His works not only contributed to lexicography but also provided insights into the cultural exchanges and linguistic influences that took place in Nishapur, a hub of intellectual crossroads.

Amid the interplay of divergent religious and intellectual currents, Nishapur acted as a melting pot, fostering a unique scholarly environment that transcended dogma. Yaqub's writings, linguistic expertise, and relationships reflected his ability to traverse these boundaries, capturing the essence of a multifaceted Nishapur. While his religious affiliations coloured his perspective, they did not hinder his interactions with individuals from diverse backgrounds. This paper highlights Yaqub's ability to navigate between scholarly pursuits, including lexicography, and religious inclinations, ultimately exemplifying the intricate tapestry of intellectual life in medieval Nishapur.

بارودۆخى ئابووريى شارى كه‌ركوك و ده‌وروبه‌رى له‌ چه‌ند سه‌رچاوه‌يه‌كى‌ بيانى ‌له‌ سه‌ده‌ى نۆزده‌هه‌مدا

د. كامران محمد

   For years, working on the products of foreign diplomats has become a subject of research, and in this regard, the study of urban situations, based on this information, is the most focused. Kirkuk is one of the cities that for years was the center of the state and then the center of the Sanjak, which led to most foreign diplomats and writers passing through the region or registering their interest in the region.

    This research is entitled (The Economic situation of Kirkuk and its surroundings in several foreign sources in the nineteenth century), and it consists of introduction and three axes: The first is entitled (The Agricultural Sector in Kirkuk) and focuses on the geographical location, climate and topography of the city, which made it fertile soil and abundant crops. As for the second axis, entitled(The Trade Sector in Kirkuk), it focuses on the importance of the city as a center and a trade route between the two mountainous regions in the north and northeast, as well as the Hills and Flat regions in the south. The focus is on the markets, khans, and the most important goods and products traded in the city.

    In the third topic entitled (The Craft industries sector in Kirkuk), we discussed the most prominent professional activities that existed in the city, some of which were characteristic of Kirkuk. Finally, the most important conclusions reached by the researcher while writing his research are presented. As for the method or methodology of writing this research, we relied on the narrative and synthetic approach, and sometimes in order to present some information and compare it with foreign sources, we relied on some Ottoman sources, such as books, encyclopedias, and other auxiliary sources.

بایەخی نووسینه‌وه‌ی ڕووداوی مێژوویی لە ڕۆژنامەی ئاڵای ئازادی دا (1986-1988) (توێژینەوەیەکی مێژوویی- شیکارییە)

محەمەد كەریم, سیروان مەحموود, ,

Revolutionary journalism, or as it is locally known, ‘mountain journalism’. Revolutionary journalism besides playing a significant role in spreading nationalist awareness and feelings among the public as well as raising the spirit of defense and encouraging the Kurdish people to take the path of struggle and defend the land. It has been able to record all the hardships and tragedies that Kurdish people faced.

Working during the era of Kurdistan revolutions, Kurdish journalists have been able to establish a rich archive, which if we look at it carefully and evaluate it, we can testify to its importance and richness.

Alay Azadi Newspaper. As A the main mouthpiece for Iraqi Kurdistan Socialist Party. It’s one of the newspapers Worthy of research. The first phase of Alai Azadi newspaper, known as the mountain phase, has its unique significance and it was published in 1986-1988 in the liberated areas under the control of the Kurdistan Peshmerga forces in addition to writing about the situation and strategy of the revolution. It also has recorded several historical events of that period, during Kurdistan people's liberation struggle.

The study also looks at the importance of the newspaper Alai Azadi in recording events related to the struggle of the Kurdistan People's Liberation Movement and guerrilla warfare in this significant and sensitive period of Kurdish revolution.

بەکارخستنی سومبولە ئەنترۆپۆلۆژییەکان لە نێو نمایشی شانۆی کوردیدا – نمایشی (بوچی مر؟) بە نموونە

بیار لویس, بلقیس علی

This study endeavors to undertake a symbolic anthropological interpretation of a theatrical performance presented in the city of Duhok. The core question centers around the utilization of anthropological symbols within the theatrical performance. In the second chapter, these symbols were explored and interpreted within the theoretical framework, coupled with understanding and analyzing the social and cultural roles in the Kurdish community and how they are employed in the sample performance.

Key findings of the study include:

1. Character roles in the performance emerge as symbols reflecting specific concepts and values inherent in Kurdish culture.
2. Each visual element on stage embodies a profound symbolic meaning intertwined with societal norms and values.
3. Songs and music used in the performance articulate existential themes that often reveal societal emotions or psychological disturbances.
4. The play, through its multifaceted critique, addresses various depictions of death as a criticism of societal customs, shedding light on the tragic outcomes of social challenges.
5. Dialogues underscore tensions between everyday life and political influences, emphasizing social contradictions and the impacts of oppressive power dynamics.

بەهاكانی هیومانیزم لە ڕۆمانی (ڕێڕەوی ئارام) ی جان دۆستدا

د. ئاوارە كەمال,

This study is concerned with the problems faced by Western Kurds during the war. Particularly, in Afrin and its surrounding areas which suffer from war, violence, displacement and lack of freedom. Due to War and its consequences, there is no chance for peace, coexistence and tolerance in society. This condition has a complete reflection on the psychological state of the characters in the novel and has caused them hopelessness and alienation, they do not see any way out of this situation.  An uncertain future and an ill-fate await them. The ejection of Kurdish civilians from their homeland, looting of their property and then forcing them to live in camps and displacement, bombing and killing of children, women and the elderly, kidnapping and torture of innocent people are the scenes in the novel. The novelist associates the source of these problems with the lack of humanistic thought.  Because when the principles of humanism become the standard, individuals will live together equally regardless of color, nationality and religion, the door of dialogue and understanding will be opened and everyone will dream of a better world and a brighter future under the shadow of freedom. Thus, the novelist views the existence of a humanistic perspective as the key to solving problems and calls for peace and coexistence.

پرسی موسڵ لە ڕۆژنامەگەری شاری سلێمانيدا 2 ئاب 1922-14 كانوونی دووەم 1926.

د. شاخەوان عبدالله,

One of the most important topics in the 20s of previous century, it was Mosel Wilaya case which was directly related to the Kurdish future in the South after world war 1 ended and Mosel wilaya was linked to Iraq without willing of Kurdish people.

In the same period , with appearance of Sheck Mahmood from 1919-1925 Sullaimania became the center of political attentions in the South. During that time many newspapers and journals issues in which some of them were the mouthpiece of Shekh Mahmood and some as a formal papers. In the Study, the focus is on the attitude and the political stance of the British Admin & New establish Iraqi Government.

The Aim of the study is shedding light on the Mosel case in the vision of the published papers of that time where both political stands are focused on.

The research method is Analyzing the political stances of both sides thru out analyzing the topics where published on the papers during the same period like ( Bank Kurdistan- Roj Kurdistan- Amed Istiqlal- Bank Haq-Zhianawa). At the same time we resorted to some other sources for more analysis.

پيشه‌سازى لە وڵاتى شام له‌ سه‌ده‌كانى (4-6ك / 10-12ز)

بهار عباس, د. ئاکۆ بورهان

This research is an attempt to shed light on the industrial design in the Levant during (4-7 AH / 10-12 CE). The Levant was an important industrial base for the entire region and the world during the stated period. Industrial products of the Levant were traded both eastward and westward. Due to its geographical advantage and proximity to other markets, the Levant was a crucial place for commerce throughout the reign of the Islamic Empire. This led to a swift industrialization of the domestic markets. Furthermore, raw materials such as olives, sugar canes, grapes, graines, and dry fruits were available. These materials aided the manufacturing of carpets, rugs, perfumes, flower water, soaps from olive oil, cotton, and silk, in addition to fur farming and tanning. The Levant also had vast forests and minerals-rich soil that contributed to the industrial process. The literature underpinning this research is largely reflected in the ancient and contemporary works and studies conducted by geographists, historians, and anthropologists.

تایبەتمەندییەکانى دانیشتوان و کاریگەرى لەسەر پەرەپێدانى مرۆیی لە هەرێمى کوردستانى عیراق

سیروان حسین, د. ساكار بهاءالدین, د. هیوا صادق,

The issue of population and development is one of the most important and vital issues at the present time, which deserves attention and standing with it continuously due to the emergence of large and complex problems due to the disparity in understanding this relationship, and the study of population and development issues contributes to understanding the interrelationships and intertwining between population and development phenomena. Through its focus on identifying and analyzing the effects of population variables on the process of economic, social, cultural and political development

The population size of the region has changed dramatically, with large numbers of people migrating from rural to urban areas, which has ultimately had a negative impact on human development. Because of this rapid population growth, it has become an obstacle to the success of social and economic development projects and not providing them the level of people's demands for various services, so that the number of urban residents is constantly increasing, especially in the provinces of Sulaimani, Halabja and Erbil. The importance of this issue lies in the fact that it is directly related to the life of the population because it considers the basic goals and mechanisms of development, and the main purpose of this study is to determine the impact of population characteristics on human development in the Kurdistan Region

. One of the most obvious results of the study is that the proportion of urban residents is constantly increasing at the regional level (78%) while the proportion of rural residents was (22%).. According to the results of the study, the age group between 15-60 was the largest group (60%) at the regional level.

تەكنيكەكانى وەڵامى كاريگەر لە ئاخاوتندا

ميديا جەلال, د. عەبدولواحد مشير, ,

 This research discusses techniques that enable us to react effectively in different situations. effective response: a quick, short, effective and decisive response, often silenced. The respondent tries to use powerful linguistic tools, such as techniques, which carry many strong arguments. It is to refute and explain a fact and weaken the speaker's speech. The importance of this research is to introduce all classes to the design of techniques, so that they are able to produce an effective response.

This research consists of two parts. The first part deals with the introduction of effective responses, characteristics, pragmatic ability and the importance of arguments for effectiveness. second Part Techniques: Deceptive argument, wise technique, question technique, deviation from answer, types of connection, speaker's speech provocation, irony, Finally, we came to the conclusion that by using strong language techniques, the other person will be impressed and silent.

توانای تێگەیشتنی دەق لای قوتابیانی زانکۆ

د.ڕێژنە سیف الدین,

       The research is entitled (The ability to understand text among university students), students of Salahaddin University, College of Language, Department of Kurdish Language for the academic year (2021-2022) were taken as an example. Comprehension is a key principle and a main goal in the reading process indeed. Nowadays, lack of understanding of reading in the educational process is a problem for many students, that was one of the reasons for choosing this topic for the research. To achieve research results relies on descriptive approach of analysis. The aim of this study is to determine the ability of university students to understand texts and answer several questions: What is the level of text understanding ability of university students – Kurdish department? Is there a connection between reading speed and comprehension ability? Is there a connection between gender (male, female) and comprehension ability? The results showed that the comprehensibility among the students of the Kurdish department of the College of Language is at a very good level and there is no relationship between reading speed and comprehension ability, and

چەمک وەکوو ڕەهەندێکی پڕاگماتیکیی درکپێکردن لە زمانی کوردیدا

نووری نووری, د. سەباح ڕەشید,

پوختە:
ئەم توێژینەوەیە بەشێکی هەڵێنجراوی تێزێکی دکتۆرایە لە بواری پڕاگماتیکدا بە ناونیشانی
''پڕاگماتیکی درکپێکردن لە زمانی کوردیدا''. بەو پێیەی پڕاگماتیک کارکردنە لە سەر واتای بارکراوی
یەکە زمانییەکان، واتە لێکۆڵینەوە و گەیشتنە بەو واتایەی کە بە ئاشکرا دەرنەبڕدراوە، بەڵکوو
وابەستەی کۆمەڵێ فاکتەری ژینگەیی، مەعریفی، کۆمەڵایەتی و کولتوورییە. کۆی ئەم واتایانەش بە
پێی پڕاگماتیکی درکپێکردن کە نوێترین تیۆری پڕاگماتیکییە، لە دروستەی چەمکەکاندا کۆ دەبنەوە.
هەر چەمکێک لە چەمکە زمانییەکان هەڵگری چەندین کۆزانیاریی جۆراوجۆرن، لەوانە: کۆزانیاریی
)گشتی، ئاسایی/نەریتی، کرۆکیانە و تایبەتمەند(. خودی ئەم کۆزانیارییانەش وەکوو پاکێجێکی
واتایی لە ئاوەزی قسەپێکەراندا داکراوە. گێڕانەوەی هەریەک لەو واتایانەش پەیوەستە بە کۆمەڵێ
پێواژۆی ئاوەزی. لەبەر گرنگیی ئەم لایەنە، لێرەدا هەوڵ دەدەین ڕۆڵی چەمکەکان لە هەڵێنجانی
واتای پڕاگماتیک و لە پڕاگماتیکی درکپێکردندا بخەینە ڕوو.

چەمکی چێوە لە بونیادی مەعریفیی مرۆڤدا

سالار فائق, د. سەباح ڕەشید, د. بەکر عەلی,

ئەم توێژینەوەیە بە ناونیشانى ''چەمکی چێوە لە بونیادی مەعریفیی مرۆڤدا''، هەوڵێکە بۆ
دیاریكردنى ئەو قاڵبە هزرییەى كە تاكەكان دەیسەپێنن بەسەر ژینگەى زانیارییەكاندا بۆ پێدانى
شێوە و واتا. لە لایەكى ترەوە دەكرێ بڵێین مەعریفە ئەو زەمینەیەیە كە زمانى ئاخاوتنى مرۆڤى له
سەر بونیاد نراوە، هەروەها بایەخی داوە بەو ڕۆڵەی کە گەشەکردنی زمان لە پڕۆسەی مەعریفە و
بووژانەوەیدا گێڕاویەتی لە ماوەی دە ساڵی ڕابردوودا.
ئەم توێژینەوەیە دابەش كراوە بۆ نۆ تەوەر یان بابەتی سەرەکی، جگە لە بابەتە لاوەکییەکان.
یەکەم چەمکی چێوە لە بونیادی مەعریفیی مرۆڤدا، دووەمیش دەربارەى چوارچێوەى مەعریفیی ە ،
بەشی سێیەم بابەتێى ناوەندییه ، بنچینەى مەعریفیى مرۆڤ دەخاتە ڕوو و شیی دەكاتەوه. بەشى
چوارەم پەیوەندیى بە بنچینەى چوارچێوەوەیە، بەشى پێنجەمیش چۆنێتیى ناساندنى كۆمەڵێک لە
چەند كۆمەڵانی تردا وەردەگرێت. بەشى شەشەمیش مەرجى تاكڕەویى سەپاندووە. جیاوازییەكان له
نێوان چەمک و واتادا هەوڵەكەمانە لە بەشى حەوتەمدا. بەشى هەشتەم ڕێبازى پێشگری گرتووەته
خۆ، بەشى نۆیەم سەبارەت بە سوودى نزیكبوونەوە لە ئەنجامەكان و ڕاسپاردەكان و كۆتایى
توێژینەوەكەى تێدا دەخرێنە ڕوو.

ده‌لاله‌ته‌كانی ڕه‌نگی ڕه‌ش لە شیعری هه‌ندێ له‌ شاعیرانی هاوچه‌رخی كوردیدا

شاخەوان باوه دین, د. دەریا جەمال,

Black colour is the source of all other colours, and it is one of the most effective colours on human life. It is widely used in human related stuffs such as houses, furniture, clothes, cars, cutleries, tools as well as in almost all healthcare-related stuffs such as hospital buildings, physicians and nurses’ dresses, bedcovers, curtains, medical tools, etc. Thus, the importance of the colour ‘Black’ is the main reason behind conducting this study. This study  which is titled ‘The indication of Black colour as a sample in modern Kurdish poetry’ consists of an introductory section, three sections, concluding points and the list of used references. The first section is devoted to consider positive indications of Black colour in modern Kurdish poetry, and the second section gains insight into the negative indications of this colour in modern Kurdish poetry. This study ends with the most concluding points that have been derived throughout this study, and with the list of the used references in this article. This study tries to comprehensively consider the way that the colour ‘Black’ is used by modern Kurdish poets. Concerning its scope, this study only examines the colour ‘Black’ in the poems of some selected

(دۆخى نه‌رێى ده‌مكاته‌كان له ‌نێوان زمانى كوردى و ئينگليزيدا)

تريفە موحسین, د. عەبدوڵا حسێن

This study attempts to discuss and compare the negative status of the tenses in Kurdish and English languages. All the tenses rules, structures and the changes that occur to them are described and analyzed. These are done in three sections: the first section deals with the Kurdish tenses and the negative status of each tense separately in terms of concept and definition. Further, the changes that take place to each tense due to conversion to negation are well explained. Each tense’s overall structures and changes are presented in specific tables alone. In the second section, each and very tense is detailed accompanied by providing necessary examples. The changes that occur to each tense because of converting it to negative are also presented. The third section is about comparing the tenses in Kurdish and English to highlight the intersecting and similar areas as well as manifesting the differences and divergence between the two languages’ tenses. Finally, the study has reached some conclusions.

زمانی شیعری نوێ له‌ دنیابینیی ئه‌دۆنیس و سه‌باح ڕەنجدەردا

سابیر حسێن, د. عه بدوڵا ئاگرین,

The language of poetry that we are talking about is not a strange language that poets derive from another world, but rather a language that the poet draws from himself. The poet deals with the language as a self-dealing that makes it go beyond its familiar framework

Through what we have reached as a result of our study, each language has its own imagination and aesthetics, and each heritage has its own images, symbols, and revelations. One of the poets, Sabah Rangdar, has everything that distinguishes his experience (little or much) from other poets of his generation or earlier, and it has been confirmed to us, concretely through the study, the extent of its reconciling combination between the linguistic expression of the concerns of reality, its manifestations, and its imbalances, and the expression of the self’s attitudes and feelings. Its aspirations are all dictated by the dialectical relationship between the subject and the object.

From here we concluded that saying that the poet Rangdar has the privacy that enables it. This privacy can be drawn and embodied in his poetic language until the images of poems were formed on him, and then it became an introduction to philosophy in its human meanings...

ڕەنگدانەوەی نیشانکارەکان لە پەندی پێشینانی کوردیدا

سیروان عەبدوڵا, گەژبین زبێر,

Pragmatic Deixis play an effective role in linking the discourse to the context, through the appearance of a linguistic expression in the speech process, thus explaining the person or time or social status of the participants in the speech or the place where the speech occurred.

The Deixis are widely used in Kurdish proverbs and have an effective appearance in this field, in order to present the Deixis, the research used the book of proverbs of Sheikh Mohammed Khal as a research tool.

The research relied on descriptive statistics methodology, presented with the aim of identifying pragmatic Deixis in proverbs. This book, which we have taken as a sample of the research, contains (4492) proverbs in which Deixis can be noticed in (885) proverbs, which is (19.70%) of the total proverbs. Within these proverbs (1164) linguistic expression have appeared as Deixis. As a result, we have found that social Deixis are the most frequent, corresponding to (46.56%), personal Deixis (37.14%), temporal Deixis (29.49%), spatial Deixis (18.85%) ) have appeared, no Discourse Deixis are appeared in Proverbs

ڕۆڵ و هەڵوێستی مافناسانی كوردی باشوور بەرامبەر پێشهاتە سیاسیەکانى کوردستان (١١ئەیلول ١٩٦١- ١٠حوزەیران ١٩٦٣)

فارس لەتیف, د. شاخەوان عەبدوڵا,

Research about the role and attitude of Kurdish jurists in the outbreak of the Kurdish revolution in September 1961-1963 is important. The role and attitude of lawyers need to be presented during the start of the revolution.

The importance of this research is to highlight the reaction of an important conscious section of Kurdish society in South Kurdistan, including lawyers, to the revolution and their continuous efforts towards the political developments in Kurdistan. Their role and influence in all events of the revolution should be discussed and investigated.

 This research uses analytical and chronological methods, using information from sources, evaluating and analyzing events according to historical chronology, and recording events based on historical scientific methods. The role and position of Kurdish jurists in Kurdistan's political developments between 1961-1963 is presented.

شانۆ و شیعری شانۆیی له‌ بواری فێركردندا شیعره‌ شانۆییه‌كانی شوان ئه‌حمه‌د به‌ نموونە

عومەر محەمەد, د. هێرۆ عەبدولڕەحمان,

This research is entitled (Theatre and Theatrical Poetry in Teaching). Shwan Ahmad's theatrical poems are taken as an example. It is an attempt to expose theater and theatrical poetry, we have tried to elaborate their effects in terms of education and teaching on children. Education and teaching are two major factors for social developing and by this way children are prepared into the life of community. Drama and children’s poetry are significant factors of education and teaching. It has an important element for the development of the personality of children and educating and widening of their thinking especially in kindergarten and basic school. educational mission would be improved and so teaching would be more activated because children from this stage will learn more by seeing and imitating, what they see is more attractive and they enjoy more and they get it soon and they imitate. Children in drama and theatrical poetry can enjoy them either participating or seeing and this makes an influential factor of teaching for sending message. This research shows the educational effect and teachings of theatrical poetry “Environment” and “Jungle Hero” of Shwan Ahmad with all the impacts on children. The research consists of an introduction and two sections.

كاریگەرى بزاڤى ڕۆشنبیرى هونەریی و ڕەنگدانەوەى لەسەر پێشكەوتنى گۆرانى و موزیكى كوردى (تایەرتۆفیق، عەلى مەردان، حەسەن زیرەک) بەنمونە

د. چیایى كمال, هەنگاو ئەنوەر,

This research emphasis the impact and development of the cultural motion of song and music, including external influences. These influences through the songs of artists Ali Mardan, Hassan Zirak, Tahir Tofiq. which are more ostensible in the Kurdistan Region's artists, singers and musicians. Through three main contents, which are: The first topic presenting the problems, objectives, importance and predictions of the research. And also, the identification of the research methodology which begins according to the time and emplace.

The second topic is dedicated to presenting the content of the research and identifying the research titles and their relationship to similar researches. Through the songs of artists Ali Mardan, Hassan Zirak and Tahir Tofiq. Therefore, we consider it necessary to present a brief chronicle of the life, work and activities of these great artists, to further clarify and discover these reflections and effects, which through this cultural and artistic motion has fallen on the arts and artists of Erbil city and other areas of Kurdistan.

In the third section, we have presented some of the results of our research, with some suggestions and recommendations for the stakeholders and other researchers in the field of art in general, song and music in particular as a clarify to promote and supervise similar researches.

كێڵگە واتاییەكان لەشیعرەكانی عەبدوڵڵا پەشێودا

د. پەروین عوسمان,

This study is entitled (Semantic Fields in the Poetry of Abdullah Pashew). The semantic fields are a group of words, with relationship between them. the semantic fields of the poet Abdullah Pashew were analyzed. The study gets used from the descriptive approach quoted, in degree and rate. It depends on enumeration. However, an introduction in the body of the study, it contains the concepts, definition of semantic fields, a summary of the theory of semantic fields, the basics of the theory of semantic fields, the standards of semantic fields and their relationships to semantic fields. The second part is about the analysis of semantic fields in the poetry of Abdullah Pashew, enumeration, analysis, classification and Semantic fields in Abdullah Pashew’s poetry. In conclusion, the author mentioned the findings of the study, suggestions and recommendations, with a list of names and sources, furthermore, the summary of the study in both Arabic and English.

کارامەیی ڕازیکردن لە ڕێکڵامی بانگێشەی هەڵبژاردندا

شوان نەجمەدین, د. عەبدولواحید موشیر,

 This research deals with persuasion skills in election campaign advertisements within the framework of psycholinguistics. Our research tool is the language of election campaign advertisements, as language is the only powerful tool for communication and integration into society and the reason for making human life easier. As well as transferring and exchanging knowledge and information and discussing life, politics, social, psychological, etc. Often, we need to think about the importance of convincing our opponent, the purposes are different, for example, a politician needs to vote for him in the elections and a businessman or professional needs to attract more clients. In this research, we will discuss the impact of persuasion techniques and methods in election campaign advertisements and the power of persuading the audience and its success in election campaign advertisements. The first part deals with an introduction to the concept of persuasion, steps, strategies and principles of action. The effect of persuasion on ideas and reactions to mental actions is also presented. In the second part, the topics of advertising, power, gender, the purpose of advertising and its impact were discussed, and the steps for designing advertising in the election campaign and the stages of persuasion.

کاریگەری تاوانی ئەنفال لەسەر ژنانی بەجێماویی سنووری قەزایی چەمچەماڵ ١٩٨٨-٢٠٠٠

سۆزان کەریم, هەژار هۆشیار,

This article's abstract focuses on the Anfal crime committed by the Iraqi government against the Kurdish people in southern Kurdistan, specifically highlighting its negative impact on the Anfal survivors, particularly women. The research is based on scientific sources and interviews with individuals who experienced the Anfal crime, with a specific focus on their role as family care providers. The content of the research is divided into three main parts, each containing several topics. The first part explores the history and geography of the Chamchamal district, while the second part delves into the concept of Anfal and the Iraqi government's policy in carrying out these incidents, considering Anfal as an international crime. The third section examines the effects of Anfal crime on the remaining women of the Chamchamal border from 1988 to 2000, covering social, economic, and psychological aspects. The conclusion drawn is that Anfal was a criminal program with the Iraqi government aiming to destroy the Kurdish individuals, their territory, and the Kurdish community as a whole.

کردە و میکانیزمی دەرخستن-ی ڕوانگەى بیر ڕۆنان لە ڕۆمانەکانی جەمال جەبار غەریب دا: توێژینەوەیەکی ڕەخنەی هۆشەکییە

فرمێسک موسلح, د. موحسین ئەحمەد,

This study entitled (The Construal Operation and Mechanism of Prominence in Jamal Jabar Gharib’s Novels: A Cognitive Criticism Study) is an attempt to analyze and manifest Construal and its mechanisms used in conceptualization. Construal is the way a scene is depicted, construed and conceptualized in mind, and then its meaning is expressed and communicated in language spoken and\or written. Cognitive school, unlike the other schools and approaches, through the product (language) enters mind\thought of the language user (speaker\writer) to examine and realize how the construal and meaning construction processes take place first. This criticism school deals with the processes of meaning making in mind, rather than mind product (language) meaning. In this study, construal is explained, its emergence and transference from linguistics to literature and its genres are also presented. The founders and scholars of Cognitive School and Cognitive Criticism have determined some operations and mechanisms for construal, one of which is Prominence. The theme of this study is the mechanism of prominence that with all its constituting elements applied to Jamal Jabar Gharib’s Novels.

گەشتا قارەمانێ "مەندێ ترسنۆک" ل دویڤ مۆدێلا تاک ئەفسانەییا (جۆزێف کامبل)ی

د.شیلان یونس,

Joseph Campbell, an American scholar in the field of mythology, is the proponent of a novel and innovative theory. His methodology is widely embraced in the study of global myths, centered on Monomyth  built upon Jung's notions of the unconscious. Following Campbell's comprehensive analysis of worldwide myths, he formulated a unified model for the hero, deemed by Jung as a Archetype or primal patterns.

Upon analyzing the plot structures in global myths, it becomes apparent that heroes in all heroic myths share common characteristics. Within these narratives, the development of the hero's character toward their ultimate goal involves traversing three distinctive stages: initiation, departure, and separation. This model not only finds application in literature and art but has also garnered significance in literary research and studies.

In these myths, for the purpose of evolving the hero's character and reaching their desired objective, they undergo three pivotal stages: initiation, departure, and separation. This model is applicable to texts within Kurdish literature, and to serve this objective, we have chosen a text from Mande Tirsinok from Narina Gulbarin book. After using Campbell's method, we found that some of the stages in his framework did not appear in the mentioned myth, even though it's similar to global myths with a single hero. To enhance personal and psychological development, the hero goes on a three-stage journey.

لاوان و پرسی بەها توێژینەوەیەکی مەیدانییە لە هەرێمی کوردستان

د. عیزەدین عەبدولسەمەد, هەردی زیاد,

بەهاکان بۆ تاک و کۆمەڵگە گرنگن، بە تایبەتی بۆ لاوان، چونکە توانای ڕووبەڕووبوونەوەی
قەیرانەکانی پێ دەبەخشێت و ڕۆڵ دەبینێت لە داڕشتنی کەسایەتیی لاو و دانانی ئامانجەکانی لە
چوارچێوەیەکی پێوەریی دروستدا. ئامانجی سەرەکیی ئەم توێژینەوەیە بریتییە لە دەستنیشانکردن
و ڕیزبەندی گرنگترین بەهاکانی لاوان و ئاستی وابەستەبوونیان بە بەهاکانەوە لە هەرێمی کوردستان،
هەروەها زانینی جیاوازیی تێڕوانینی لاوان بۆ بەهاکان بە پێی گۆڕاوەکانی توێژینەوە کە بریتین لە:
ڕ هگه ز، تەمەن، ئاستی خوێندەواری، باری كۆمه ڵای هتی، پیشە، جۆری خانوو و داهاتی مانگانەی
خێزا ن. ئەم توێژینەوەیە توێژینەوەیەکی چەندایەتییە، تیایدا میتۆدی ڕووپێویی كۆمه ڵایه تی ب ه
ڕێگ هی نموون ه بەکار هاتووە. کۆمەڵگای توێژینەوەکە بریتییە له ه هموو ئەو لاوانەی تەمەنیان لە
نێوان " 18 - 35 " ساڵیدایە، کە دانیشتووی هەرێمی کوردستانن. جۆر و قەبارەی نموونەکە بریتییە لە
نموون هی مەبەستدار له جۆری ''بەردەست'' بە قەبارەی ) 508 ( لاو. ڕاستێتیی ئامرازی پێوان هكردن
بریتیی ه ل ه ) 91.40 %(، لەگەڵیدا جێگیریی پرسیارنامەکە ) 0.849 (یە. ئەنجامەکانی توێژینەوەکە بە
پێی چەند تەوەرێک خراونەتە ڕوو، کە گرنگترینیان بە ڕیزبەندیی لاوان و بەهاکانی )کۆمەڵایەتی،
ئایینی، جوانیناسی، مەعریفی، ئابووری و سیاسی( بوو. هەروەها هیچ جیاوازیی هكی ئاماژه داری
ئاماری ل ه نێوان تاك هكانی نموونه به پێی گۆڕاوه كانی )ڕ هگه ز، تەمەن، ئاستی خوێندەواری، باری
كۆمه ڵایه تی، پیشە، جۆری خانوو و، داهاتی مانگانەی خێزا ن( س هباره ت ب ه پرسی بەها لای
لاوان نییه ، به ڵام جیاوازیی ئاماژه داری ئاماری به پێی گۆڕاوی ''شوێنی نیشت هجێبوون'' هه ی ه
و جیاوازیی هك هش بۆ ئ هو لاوان هی دانیشتووی شاری ''دهۆک''ن؛ ده گه ڕێته وه ، وات ه ئ هوان زیاتر
وابەستەن بە بەهاکانەوە.

مارف عومه‌ر گوڵ، ژیان و هه‌ندێك له‌ ناوه‌رۆ‌كی شیعره‌كانی

ئەمین قادر, د. عەبدولواحید ئیدریس

Our research، titled Marf Omer Gul، his Life and the Content of his Poems, is a part of my Master Dgree program، the poet Marf Omer، is one of the poets، writers، translators, revolutionaries of the Kurdish nation، with the message of the content of poetry، tried to develop the concept of nationalism within the Kurdish community. In one hand,  he described the social events and occasions as a means of expressing himself. In addition to this، he wrote many topics of poetry and international poetry. This article is the first academic research conducted on this poet، so, the work and struggle of this poet are so great that many letters and books are needed to be written about it. In this research، we aim to focus on the life of poet and his unknown sides and explore them with their poetic content. In this research، we have developed a method of analysis. The parts of the Research . This research is based on a summary، and a list of sources..The first part:   is the life of the poet. The second part:  is the content of his poems

ململانێی نه‌ته‌وایه‌تی له‌ رۆمانی كوردیدا ماوه‌ی پێش راپه‌رین

د.عەبدوڵا ڕەحمان,

The national struggle includes the struggle between several different nationalities, where we find in order to preserve his entity and his struggle for survival and independence. This is why the conflict has a long history, which includes the need for human beings. The concept of conflict is complex and many aspects, and some of these aspects are related to other relationships and result in conflict between people, whether the conflict is individual, or in the form of groups. Finally, the conflict appears in a general framework, especially when the fate of nationalism is in danger, and here the conflict takes a nationalistic direction in order to survive and defend its position.

Literature, including the novel, was a way to embody the national struggle, and the novelists stood side by side with their struggle and struggle against their nationalism and defending its survival. Treat the national conflict in the novel in an appropriate and better way, because the novelistic text, except for being prose, at the same time has a wide area by finding different dimensions in the events and in the areas of national conflict, and from this view, the novels before the uprising are considered a basis for expressing the conflict Kurdish National.

مه‌دره‌سه‌يا قوبه‌هان ل سه‌رده‌مێ ميرێ به‌هدينان سولتان حسێن وه‌لى 1533 _ 1573

هێرش كەمال, د.فرهاد محەمەد,

Qubahan school in Bahdinan in the reign of Emir

 Sultan Hussien Wali

1533_ 1573

Abstract

Emirate of Bahdinan (Amedi) is one of the well-known Kurdish emirates, which ruled the Bahdinan region nearly 600 years, a number of scholars and wisdoms emirs appeared in difference stages, they had played key role in scientific, sciences and intellectual fields, they paid attention of building science centers such as religion schools, libraries, available and donating transcripts for teachers and their students. This study is taking movements of sciences and intellectuals into consideration. As Qubahan school under the reign of emir of Bahdinan sultan Hussein wali who ruled between 1533_ 1573. This study is used first hand details, documents and transcripts of that time. This article is being divided into two sections: first section shed lights on the biography of Sultan Hussein Wali from 1533_ 1573 , its second section depicts, Sultan Hussein’s attention for building the science centers.

Keywords : Bahdinan Emirate, Sultan Hussein Wali, Qubahan, documents and transcripts

مۆرفۆلۆجیی بنچینەیی/ بنجی لە زمانی کوردیدا

بازیان محی الدین, پ. د. سەباح ڕەشید قادر, پ. ی. د. ئازاد ڕەمەزان عەلی

has been used to study a wide range of Morphological Phenomena, includin    Canonical Morphology is the title of this research, which is a Frame work for studying and Comparing morphological Patterns a cross languages. It is based on the idea that there are certain ((Canonical)) or idea Patterns that are more common or easier to learn and process then others. These canonical patterns are identified by considering asset of criteria that are thought to be important for Morphological Systems, Such as transparency, Productivity, and iconicity.

     One of the key goals of canonical morphology is to explain why some languages have more canonical Patterns then others. This can be done by looking at Factors such as history of the language, the type of language contact it has experienced and the cognitive abilities of its speaker.

     Canonical Morphology g, inflection, derivation Compounding and Cliticization , It has also been to develop new typologies of morphological system .                

مێژوو وشوێنه‌وارى کۆنترین قوتابخانه لە زاخۆ نۆژه‌نكردنه‌وه‌ وپاراستنى

جەمال جەميل, د. زياد ئەحمەد, د. عەبدوڵا خورشيد,

This study sheds light on the importance and role of architecture in Zakho, and it is known that the archaeological and cultural buildings of the city carry artistic, aesthetic, historical and cultural values. Archaeological buildings may not contain decorative inscriptions or drawings. But it represents a scientific and intellectual value from the past. The aim of restoring ancient buildings is to highlight the beauty, art and history of these antiquities, and their protection has also been approved by the law passed by the Parliament of the Kurdistan Region, Many international conventions have been signed on their restoration, such as the Pact of Venice 1966, the restoration process as one of the works and scientific disciplines, and these indicate that the restoration of ancient buildings are procedures related to old materials that contain artistic and aesthetic elements. We need to understand its style and layout.

This research plays an important role in the city of Zakho, which includes a variety of architectural remains that currently need to be restored, preserved, analyzed, and presented as a tourist heritage site

نشوء الهوية الإسلامية للكرد في العصر الإسلامي الوسيط دراسة تاريخية تحليلية

خسرو جبار عبدالله خان, أحمد ميرزا ميرزا الأركوشي,

The steadfastness of any religious and cultural identity in the face of historical challenges, and its continued
vitality depends on two main factors, one of which is subjective, which is the power of logic that this identity
carries, and the other is an objective factor, which is the presence of a solid force that protects and defends it.
The religious and cultural identities that the Kurds carried before Islam, Was able to continue in the social arena
and stand intellectually, as far as these identities carried her from logical foundations, and also received support
from solid power.
The pre-Islamic religious identities have shrunk in the Kurdish societies, First, due to the loss of the political
support that they enjoyed in the past, especially the Zoroastrian and Christian religious identities, so only some
influential elites of the owners of these religions supported them, whose status and influence were linked to the
survival of these identities, Secondly, because these religious identities had established some of their principles
on illogical, superstitious foundations, they could not resist the new identity represented by the Islamic identity,
whose principles were based on rational foundations, and with the advent of the fourth century AH / tenth century
AD, the continued adoption of these identities was limited Among the isolated and closed-off communities in the
Kurdish countries.
The process of the emergence of the Islamic identity of the Kurds began with the beginning of the Islamic
conquest of the Kurdish countries, and continued for nearly three centuries, and was completed by the arrival
of the fourth century AH/tenth century AD. It was in stages and gradually, and preceded the people of the cities
and towns, the people of its villages and its influential tribes in particular, who were late. They converted to Islam
until the middle of the third century AH/ninth century AD.
The Kurds who converted to Islam in the early stages of the founding of the Abbasid state made their way
towards working in the administrative and military field, within the institutions of the Abbasid state, and in its
expanding states. Their deep Islamic feeling and loyalty to the Abbasid state pushed them to be characterized
by Arabic names and titles, and also because of The Loyalty System Some of them became famous by the name
of the Arab tribe they were loyal to, so their national identities disappeared in those identities, and they became
part of the general Islamic situation.
The influential Kurdish tribes and religious elites, who were late in their conversion to Islam, took positions
against the Abbasid state, and participated in many political movements against the Abbasid state, and their
decision to embrace Islam came after the middle of the third century AH/ninth century AD, as a response to the
social cultural developments witnessed by Kurdish societies on the one hand. On the other hand, the political
changes that the Abbasid state underwent.
The degrees of influence of Islamic identity on the thinking and behavior of Kurdish societies in the Islamic eras
varied. In general, Islamic identity left its intellectual and behavioral influences on the settled Kurdish communities
of cities, towns, and villages more than it left on the mobile tribal communities, whose influences were mostly
limited and superficial.
The Islamic identity had double effects on the process of maturation of the national structure of the Kurds. On
the one hand, it had a negative impact on this maturation, as it increased by adding itself as a new identity to a
society divided in itself according to its religious identities, from the state of religious pluralism and division, and
entered with them as a new identity in The state of religious conflict, and thus caused another rift in its national
structure, and on the other hand it had positive effects on the process of Kurdish nationalist maturity, especially
after this identity became the identity of the majority of Kurds in the fourth century AH/tenth century AD, and
thus the Kurds went a long way towards unifying their identity. Religious affairs, and getting rid of the state of
religious division rooted in it, given that the religious division in Kurdish society was one of the main factors for
the delay in its national maturity over the ages.

یاخی بوونی ژن لە سستمی نێرسالاری لە ڕۆمانی (سێبەری درۆ)دا

د. نجم خالد

The issue of sexual discrimination exercised against women has become one of the main subjects of feminist criticism. They are treated and studied at a global level and also taught as a core subject in the world's most important universities. Theories and researches on this issue are published from different and versatile perspectives.

The aim of all this is to find radical solutions to the suffering of the woman, which makes up half of the Earth's population or may be more. The Women's History has occupied a vast area of literary criticism, especially in narrative criticism, and has its writers, theorists and critics.

The novel "Shadow of Lies" by the Kurdish journalist and storyteller Sonya Sdeeq, is one of the feminist narratives that addresses this thorny and controversial subject. In its entirety, it addresses the suffering of Kurdish pastoralism in a society that still reigns in the past, expressing men's hegemony in all aspects of marital, family and community life. And don't see it as a female and a body that provokes a man's lust. She is the wife and wife of a housewife who can only perform domestic duties and care for children. She is not allowed to express an opinion on the events taking place around her. She is also not allowed to possess her husband's permissible and royal body. Women also have no power over their children.

The novel addresses the pastoral jurisprudence from the perspective of feminist criticism. The author tries to exhibit in a good manner and build art the most important suffering of the woman in Kurdistan-Iraq, such as marginalization, attraction, alienation and exploitation even by people close to her, such as her mother, husband, brother, neighbors and even some people in the street space.

This study entitled (Rebellion of the Male System in the Novel Shadow of Lying) is through three axes, from the perspective of feminist criticism, she reveals to the reader the domination of the woman by abolishing her identity and occupying her body deprived by the male authority, which gives men every right to engage in sexual and physical violence against women, without regard for her humanity, she is a woman who loses freedom and suffers the most forms of oppression and social injustice.

The account of the novel is as a witness denounces the true nature of the case and calls for the realization of her freedom and the rehabilitation of her identity as a human being before she is a body. Her body is the title of her identity as a female, not a symbol of her inferiority or vulnerability to her personality. Society has to acknowledge her existence as a free, independent and irreversible human being.