ئامرازەكانی مامەڵەكردن لە بازاڕەكانی هەرێمی جەزیرەی فوراتی لەنێوان سەدەكانی 3 6 ك/ 9 ز_ 12 ز

پ. ی. د. شەهلە بورهان عبداللە, دیلان کامەران نادر,

بازاڕی شارەکانی هەرێمی جەزیرە، بە شێوەیەکی بەرفراوان، لە چالاکییە ئابوورییەکان بەهرەمەند
بوون، و لە بازاڕەکانی ئەم شارانەدا دراوەكانیان لە زێڕ و زیو و مس دروست دەكران كە لە کارەکانی
کڕین و فرۆشتندا بەکاریان دەهێنان، وەک دینار و درهەم، کە لە سەردەمی حوکمڕانە دەسەڵاتدارەکانی
هەرێمەکە دروست كراون. ئەوەی شایەنی باسە، لە بازاڕەکانی جەزیرەدا نرخەکان جێگیر نەبوون و
نایەکسان بوون و لە شارێکەوە بۆ شارێکی تر و لە كاتێكەوە بۆ كاتێكی تر لە گۆڕاندا بوون، كێش
و پێوانەکانیش ڕۆڵێكی سەرەکییان لە مامەڵە ئابوورییەكانی بازاڕەكانی جەزیرەی فوراتیدا هەبوو.

A Cognitive Phonological study of Stress in Central Kurdish

Khoshi AL-JAF, Zeki Hamawand

This study provides an analysis of stress in Central Kurdish from the perspective of Cognitive Phonology. Stress refers to the degree of emphasis given to a syllable or word in speech. To carry out the analysis, the study adopts the theory of Cognitive Phonology. The study hypothesizes that the meaning of an utterance is governed by the particular construal the speaker chooses to describe its content. The study has a twofold aim. The first aim is to show that stress, as a suprasegmental feature, is meaningful in Central Kurdish. The second aim is to show that the placement of stress is the result of the cognitive process of construal. The paper has found that Kurdish Stress is meaningful because its placement in different positions adds a particular tinge of meaning to the utterance. Likewise, the paper has found the construal dimension of salience is responsible for stress production. The researcher as a native speaker of Kurdish is being used as a source of data. Utterances of everyday communication have been used in the analysis to achieve the above aims and answer the questions.

Investigating English vocabulary teaching to EFL Students from the Perspective of Multiple Intelligences Theory Abstract

lween darwesh

The present study investigates the relationship between multiple intelligence theory (MIT) and vocabulary teaching. (MIT) has prompted some educators and language scholars to reevaluate classroom practices in education and other aspects of language teaching and learning. This paper attempts to clarify the applications of this theory in the context of teaching and learning vocabulary. This study included 18 EFL instructors and 50 EFL sophomores. Some items for instructors and students were adapted from (Christison, 1996). After completing the questionnaire, the results of the instructors were compared with a classroom observation checklist to discover if there was a correlation between their MIT profile and the type of intelligence they employ in the classroom. The Chi-square test and Spearman correlation showed an association between the multiple intelligences (MIs) and instructional approaches of EFL instructors. However, age, field of study, and gender did not significantly impact EFL instructors' multiple intelligences teaching strategies and their student's learning styles.

Investigating the Types and Reasons of Materials Adaptation in the Case of Primary Level EFL Teachers in Raprin Area/Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Jamal Ali Omar

EFL teachers revert to adaptation as a strategy to promote and enhance students’ learning
and meet their needs. A few reasons contribute to the adaptation process; the constraints
set by the curriculum, the EFL context, the classroom setting and teachers’ perception.
The present study addresses EFL teachers’ adaptation types and reasons in Raparin Area/
Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The aim of the study is to find out whether EFL teachers utilize
adaptation or not. To this end, the study used two tools of data collection which include
classroom observation and a questionnaire. During the year 2021-2022, 82 EFL classrooms
in Raparin Area were observed. Similarly, a 23 items questionnaire was designed
to collect data which was filled out online via a Google form by 33 EFL teachers. The
analysis of the data revealed teachers use different types of adaptation consciously and
unconsciously, the adaptation is pre-planned and sometimes spontaneous. The results also
showed that the reasons for adaptation include the time constraints set by the curriculum,
the large number of students in a classroom, the culturally inappropriate course-book
content and the national examinations. It is concluded that teachers need to be familiarized
with how to adapt materials.

Syntax of Exceptive Constructions in English and Central Kurdish

Sameerah Saeed

In this paper, I examine and compare exceptive constructions in English and Central Kurdish: two languages with distinct linguistic properties. This involves discussion of the characteristics, distribution and syntactic analysis of the linguistic elements used to express exceptive meaning, such as except, except for and but in English, as well as tanhā/tanyā ‘only, except’ and jiga la/bejga la ‘except, other than, apart from’ in Kurdish. It is shown that English and Kurdish share common exceptive features in that both can suggest clausal and phrasal structures. Syntactically, following Al-Bataineh’s (2021) hypothesis these elements are qualified to house a projection of their own, called Exceptive Phrase. Therefore, I reject the assumptions made by García Álvarez (2008) and Potsdam and Polinsky (2019) that exceptive markers in, for example English, are coordinating conjunctions.  

The Application of Pragmatic Inference in Teaching Reading Comprehension to Kurdish EFL Students: An Experimental Study

Rozha, Dr. Hoshang

Abstract

Reading comprehension is an essential skill in learning a foreign language, and it is one of the most important means for language learners to acquire information. The ability to comprehend any reading text requires interpreting it by making accurate connections between the linguistic representations or literal meaning of words and sentences and their pragmatic outcomes, which enable learners to infer the intended meaning of the text.

The present study takes Relevance Theory as the theoretical basis and examines the implementation of pragmatic inference in teaching reading comprehension to EFL university students.

This study seeks to explore a) whether the pragmatic inference approach to teaching reading is more effective than the conventional one; b) whether teaching pragmatic inference improves   students’ reading proficiency.

The study employs a quantitative quasi-experimental design in which a pre-test, post-test, and reading proficiency test were used for the purpose of data collection. The samples were (56) Kurdish EFL second stage students majoring in English at the University of Sulaymaniyah. The students were from two classes: the experimental class and the control class. The two classes were taught using different reading teaching methods within six weeks of experimental teaching.

The key findings of the study revealed that there are significant differences between the two groups of the study; the experimental group outperformed those in the control group quite significantly and with tangible improvement in their reading proficiency.

The study can be of great significance for teachers and curriculum designers since it draws their attention to this ignored area of study.

أفاق التحول الديمقراطي في إقليم كردستان العراق الواقع والطموح

miran mhamad, حمدان

The research aimed to identify the reality and prospects for democratic transition in the Kurdistan region of
Iraq، because interest in applying democracy in the Kurdistan region is an important issue for political reform
and creating a peaceful climate for expression، and the dimensions of political tension represented in violence،
tension and instability that many societies in the region are currently suffering due to crises and their aftermath.
In addition، the importance of this topic is evident as an original variable that reflects the pivotal interaction
of political life and the Kurdish political system، and the impact of this interaction on the performance of the
political system and the prospects and possibilities for achieving the process of democratic transformation. The
research reached several conclusions، the most important of which are:
1- The wave of democratic transformation began in the Kurdistan region of Iraq in the early nineties، when
the Kurdish political elite took power in the Kurdistan region of Iraq.
2- In general، there are encouraging developments in the region on the issue of democratic transition and the
achievements made from that.
3- Improving economic and social conditions to a degree that is one of the indicators of change and development
for the appropriate transition towards democratic transformation in the region.

ئاریشەکانی جەستە لە گوتاری نمایشی شانۆییدا شانۆی ) عەبا (وەک نموونە

یونس osman, منصور, إبراهيم

The research consists of four chapters; chapter one includes - methodological framework- comprises research
problem which focused on body and its excretions in performances, the research question is: What is the body
problem in theatrical performance discourses -Al-Abaya play as a model? Research goal was: Revealing body
function in theatrical performance discourses, limits: temporal (2010), spatial (Erbil), objectivity, philosophical
employment of body in plays, and chapter 2 dealt with two topics:
1. Body and Philosophy
2. Body and Theatrical Performance
3. Al-Abaya play was analyzed in chapter 3. Chapter 4 - Outcomes- discussed, extracted some conclusions,
most important were:
4. Body, in orderly and improvisational manner, is participant in montage, collage cases and situations.
5. Through body and its formation stories will be narrated visually.
6. Research appended with recommendations, sources and appendix, summaries in Arabic and English.

ڕازیبوون لە وێنەی جەستە و پەیوەندیی بە نرخاندنی خود لە لای بەکارهێنەرانی سناپچات لە زانکۆی ڕاپەڕین

لیا حسن محمد میراودەلی, هیوا

The current research aims to identify satisfaction with body image and its relationship to self-esteem among
snapchat users. The study sample consisted of (240) male and female students from Raparin University. For this
purpose, the two researchers used the body image scale (Abu Hamza and Al-Anzi: 2020) component. It consists
of (18) items, and the self-esteem scale (Al-Samadi and Al-Saud: 2018) consists of (39) items, and the researchers
used the psychometric characteristic of both scales, where apparent validity was achieved and stability was
extracted using Cronbach’s alpha method, where the percentage of validity of the body image scale was (94.58
%), and the stability of the scale was (0.87), the percentage of honesty of the self-esteem scale was (%98), and
the stability of the scale was (0.83). The results of the study showed that there is a relationship between the body
image and the self-esteem of the users of Snapchat, the end suggestions and recommendations were presented.

ڕەوشی ئابووری مەسیحی یەکانی هەرێمی جەزیرە لە سەدەی حەوتەمی کۆچی/سێزدەیەمى زاینی

قادر محمد حسن, ئەحمەد محمد عبدالله, ,

   The subject of this study is the economic situation of the Christians of the island region in the seventh century AH. The study focuses on the economic activities of Christians in the region in the fields of agriculture, industry and trade, and the impact of these activities on livelihoods and general situation the type of activities and the way the Christians economy works in the island region have been highlighted .

ڕۆلى فەیسبووک له گەشەپێدانى كولتوورى سیاسی توێژین هوه یه كی تیۆریی شيكارييە

sherwan hadi, ميران

The aim of the current study is to determine the role of social media (Facebook) in creating political awareness
and show the level of influence on the development of political culture. Moreover، the study also identifies
the most important motives for its use in society. However، the importance of this article is that social media
(Facebook) is the main variable in the manifestation of influence and the development of political culture in
society. On the other hand، the importance of this study is that it explains the relationship between social media.
This research is a theoretical study in which the descriptive analysis method is utilized to:
1. Know the role of social media (Facebook) in creating political awareness in society.
2. Identify the most important motives for using social media (Facebook) in political and cultural exchanges.
3. Show the effects of social media (Facebook) on the development of political culture in society.

ڕۆڵی ئامێری قانون لە موزیكی کوردیدا )تیپی هونەریی هەولێر وەك نمونە(

مزهر اسماعیل حوێز, ناصر هاشم بدن, إدریس عبد الله,

This study discusses the role of musical instrument Qanoon in Kurdish music in general, and particularly Erbil Artistic
Team (Kurdistan- Iraq). It contains an introduction and historical overview of Qanoon as musical instrument, its vocal ranges,
forms and component parts rather than the most prominent skills of playing on this instrument. Researchers discuss how to
use Qanoon in Kurdistan of Iraq, identifying famous musicians of this instrument, also other musician whom had remarkable
roles in playing this musical instrument and improving Kurish Music through providing some Kurdish songs as specimen/
sample through which Qanoon is used.
The study concludes a list of outcomes and recommendations.

ڕۆڵی خێزان لە کۆنتڕۆڵی کۆمەڵایەتیدا توێژینەوەیەکی تیۆریی شیکارییە

jafar rasul, سلیم

The current study is a theoretical and analytical one, which deals with the role of family in social control.
Additionally, the study shed the light on role that the family play in socialization through which the individual
learns; language, customs, traditions, norms and social values, with the aim of harmony and adaptation to
the social environment. This research consists of four sections, the first section is the general framework of the
research, which includes its problems, importance, objectives, methodology and concepts. The second section
explain with the theory (Edward Ross), of the social control, while the third one includes the role of the family
in social control. The final section deals with the conclusions, suggestions and recommendations of the study.

سیاسەتى حکومەتى بەعس لەمیانەى دامەزراندنى کۆمەڵگا زۆرەملێیەکان لە پارێزگاى هەولێر ) ١٩٨٧ - ١٩٩١ (

bafreen muhammad, فرست

When the villages became a safe haven for Kurdish political parties, because they were liberated or removed
from the control of the central government, the Iraqi Ba’athist regime undertook the practice of curricular
relocation of Kurdish villagers in the late 1980s , Relocating villagers to forced communities through the use of
various means of intimidation and cleansing.
The framework of the study is about the relocation of villages in Erbil province between 1991-1987. This
research consists of three main topics in the first topic we will highlight the main political reasons that led the
Ba’ath government to establish these forced societies, in the second topic we will investigate the social aspects
and conditions of forced societies and social consequences on their lives. We talk about the economy for the
establishment of communities, because we cannot understand the reasons for the creation of forced communities
and the relocation of people to these communities, without understanding the policy of destroying the economic
infrastructure of Kurdistan.

سیاسەتی دەرەوەی ئەمەریکا بەرامبەر بە کورد لە عێراقدا ١٩٦١ -

Saman Hamad

This study, entitled US Foreign Policy towards the Kurds in Iraq (1990-1961), the paper consists of three
main chapters. The first chapter discusses US policy against the Kurdish issue in Iraq from 1972-1961. The paper
argues that a number of factors caused the USA to shift from a noninterventionist approach to involving itself in
the Kurdish revolution during the Nixon administration. This study examines the USA’s foreign policy towards
the Iraqi Kurds as part of the Cold War battleground in Iraq and the Middle East between 1969 and 1975. The
paper argues that a number of factors led the USA to intervene in the Kurdish revolution during Richard Nixon’s
administration between January 1969 and June 1972. It will also analyses why Washington abandoned the
Kurds in March 1975. The final part will focus on the reflection of the Kurdish question in the US foreign policy
1990-1975, it describes Barzani’s efforts to convey the Kurdish question to the United States after the collapse
of September Revolution. The US policy towards the Kurdish issue during the 1988-1980 Iraq-Iran war was
considered as an internal Iraq crisis by the American authorities. Keywords: America, Kurds, Barzani, September
Revolution and Kissinger.

شێوازەکان و ئاڕاستەكانی هونەری پۆستمۆدێرنیزم لە کوردستان )لاند ئارت( بە نموونە

شارا محەمەد

The research studies (methods and trends in the formation of postmodern Kurdish, land art as a model).
Chapters, the first of them dealt with the research problem, its importance, a need for it, and a research goal
(know the methods and trends for the formation of postmodern arts, land art as a model), dealing with the limits
of the research, and defining the most important terms. The second chapter included the theoretical side, the
concept of style, postmodern trends and methods, and land art. The third chapter dealt with defining the research
community and analyzing (3) samples using the (analytical descriptive) method. And I ended the research in the
fourth chapter, which dealt with the results of the research, its conclusion and recommendations. The researcher
reached a set of results, including (retrieving and preserving nature, the importance of raw materials, and simple
and deep topics in content and idea.

علي غياث الدين البامرني النقشبندي ١٩٢٤ - ٢٠٠

منيفة علي, نژيار نعمان نعمان

Ali Ghiyath al-Din al-Naqshbandi al-Bamarni, one of the active Kurdish intellectuals and journalists. Ali was
influenced by his father, Sheikh Ghiyath al-Din, Sheikh Takiya, who commanded him culturally, humanly, socially
and intellectually, but in a different way from the Sufi way by following the path of journalism, associations and
modernity.
He rendered a great service to the Bahdinan press and dialect through the page (Himmahrahing / Bahrprhhk
ze Zaravamen) in Hawkari newspaper, as the press in Bahdinan lagged behind the rest of the regions of southern
Kurdistan with the Sorani dialect press, and the page was one of the stages of the beginnings of the Bahdinian
press.
The page started with the supervision and editing of Ali al-Naqshbandi, and it was a big and important
thing for the people of Bahdinan, because there were no newspapers in the Bahdinian dialect at that time, and it
attracted writers and intellectuals in Bahdinan to write on it. Ali published about 255 articles, most of them with
fictitious names or without a name, in addition to his work in editing and supervising the page. On the articles of
other writers, and his articles in Hawkari newspaper varied between political, cultural and historical, but most
are short storie.

فۆرم و جۆرەکانی گۆرانی لە موزیکی کوردیدا

ابوبكر خۆشناو, هەیسەم, ڕزگار

This research is conducted on historical and descriptive methods conducted in a scientific manner. The content
of this research consists of several topics: European classical music forms are also discussed, such as strophic
form, Binary form, Turner form, Rondo form, Sonata form. The second chapter is the forms and types of songs in
Kurdish music, which includes the following sections: Kurdish folk songs, which have two main types, weighted
and weightless songs (free rhythm).Hayran, Lauk, Qattar, Siyachemana, Allaweisi. The third chapter discusses
the characteristics of composed songs and their types are presented, which are two main categories: Art songs and
Pop songs. The aim of this research is to introduce the forms and types of Kurdish songs, including composed
songs
.

كاریگه ریی شارستاني هتی خۆرهه ڵاتی كۆن له سه ر ئایینی ناوچەی ئورارتو

didar othman, عماد

The religion of Urartu state was a polytheistic religion with 79 main gods. The Kingdom had two capitals,
one political, the city of Van (Tuspa), and the other is the religious, city of Musasir. The geographical and human
factors were in general the main elements that made up their religons. The religion of Urartu Empire was primarily
influenced by the surrounding kingdoms, and countries with an ancient religions, including Khuris, Hittites,
Iranian religions, and religions of Mesopotamia. This influence was reflected in the gods, temples and religious
ceremonies in Urartu. Several important Urartu gods have their roots in other nations of the region, including
the three main gods (Khaldi, Teshaba and Shiwini), in addition to other minor gods such as Owa, Huba, Nalaini,
etc. While the presence of gods in the state sphere had its own position, it is noteworthy that there are some gods
whose names are unknown and began with local gods or previously unsanctified elements, but over time they
took on traditional forms. Therefore, Urartian religion can be perceived as a “living phenomenon” in its time.
Thus, it can be said that the Urartian religion reflects its own cultural and historical development. However, in
some cases it was witnessing constant renewal and changes.

کەسایەتییە کوردەکان لە کتێبى )دُرُ الحَبَب في تاريخ أعيان حَلَب(ى مێژوونووس )ابن الحنبلي م: ٩٧١ ک/ ١٥٦٣ ز(

سازگار یحیى, کوثر حسین

This research ‘’ Kurdish Personalities in the Historian Ibn-Alhanbaly’s (971 A.H/ 1563A.D) Book : “Durr Alhabab
fi Tarikh Aayan Hlab’’ is a historical research deals with the Kurdish personalities mentioned in this book
which is a unique record relating the life of the notable personalities in Aleppo City.The book is considered to be
a source of original historical records.The biographies of Kurdish personalities in these records are diverse; They
comprise different classes and associations ranging from the biographies of the administrative and religious posts,
judges, famous Mufties, notable scientists, legislators along with biographies of common people as musicians
,tailors, merchants or any other people known for their craftsmanship. This historical record is the first source in
the history of the medieval centuries that mentioned the name of (Buzain - Bzeni) as a Kurdish tribe.

گرفتە کۆمەڵایەتییەکانى گواستنەوەى گشتى لە هەرێمى کوردستانى عێراقدا

نبز عزیز احمد, سلیم

Transport is of grea t importance in various aspec ts of the da ily life of the individual and society, such as the social,
ec onomic, ed uca tional, hea lth and service aspec ts. The poor public transport sec tor lead s to many problems, so the
main objec tive of this resea rch is to highlight the importance of public transport and the problems it suffers from
in the Kurdistan Region. The method used in this resea rch is the descriptive method by the method of analyzing
read y-made da ta. The resea rch reac hed several conclusions, including the relationship of the transportation proce ss
with other structural systems of society and the wea kness of public transportation with the increa se in the perce ntage
of urba n population, which prompted citizens to buy private ca rs, and this led to an increa se in acc idents and
environmental pollution.

لێکەوتەکانی هاوسەرگیریی گەنجان لە ڕێگای تۆڕە کۆمەڵایەتییەکانەوە )فەیس بووک( بە نموونە

hikmat namiq عەلی

The aim of this study is to describe the consequences of youth marriage through social network in Erbil City
is the area where all data ccollected which was used with a semi structured interview. The number of participants
was 4 volunteers, divided into two boys and two girls , The results of this study indicated that the marriage process
is marriage itself from a youth’s perspective, whether through social networks or other ways, the new form
of marriage for them is positive rather than negative. According to the responding of participants, the process of
getting to know each other and getting married through social networks is a positive step and has led to understanding
and compatibility.

هەڤرکییا لسەر دەستهەلاتا میرگەها بەهدینان دناڤبەرا قوباد بەگ و بەهرام بەگ دا ١٥٧٦ -

بهزاد رمضان, نزار گولی

The Conflict between the sons of the ruling families occupies a wide space in the history of the Kurdish emirates,
especially in the Ottoman era, and due to the urgent desire to seize power as is common in the Kurdish
states and emirates, the longest and fiercest struggle occurred between the sons of Sultan Hussein (Qubad Bey and
Bahram Bey) in The 16th century, which lasted for nine years, and left negative effects on the political and social
aspects of the emirate later. Despite the interest of researchers in the internal conflicts of the Kurdish emirates
in general, the lack of original sources in their hands did not help them to show the historical aspects of those
bloody conflicts, specifically in the emirate of Bahdinan, and in light of what was presented, this study is characterized
by the fact that it was completed by relying on official documents of the Ottoman Empire, including
important books and various records, as well as important sources, foremost of which is Sharafnama’s book by
Sharaf Khan al-Bidlisi. This study attempts to reveal some aspects of the conflict between Qubad Bey, the princess
of the Emirate of Bahdinan, and his brother Bahram Bey in the period (1576-1585), and analyze the factors that
were behind the outbreak of that conflict, as well as searching for its political and social consequences.

بوارێن واتایی د پەندێن پێشییاندا پەرتووکا(مشتاخا چیا ژ گوتنێن پێشیا) وەک نموونە

فەهمی حەسەن ڕەشاد, سلێمان هشیار محمد,

       The theory of semantic fields is one of the most important theories in the field of semantics, for it does not specify the structure of the meaning of the word only, but rather it determines the structure of the meanings of other words in the sentence and shows their interdependence with each other through the meaning. The meaning of any word in the sentence and the saying becomes clearer and gives more meaning when it is used with other related words in the context of a sentence. This research is entitled “The semantic fields in the sayings and proverbs taken from the book entitled (Mishtakha Chiya Ji Gotnen Peshiya).” Because of the large number of semantic fields present and multiplied by the author in the aforementioned book, time and the nature of the research will not help us in mentioning and identifying all the semantic fields mentioned in the book. Therefore, our scientific work has been restricted to identifying and marginalizing a section of the semantic fields mentioned by the author in the aforementioned book. The fields included sex, body parts, seasons of the year, family members, plants, animals, food and drink, colours, and age. We are after defining the semantic fields above, where we classified and identified each semantic field that is multiplied by the proverb in a special table for the intended semantic field. It is worth noting that in the study and for the sake of the completion of this work, we have benefited from the book entitled (Mishtakha Chiya Ji Gotnen Peshiya) by the distinguished author, Mullah Mahmodi Diershawi. The main objective of this research is to know the extent to which the semantic fields are mentioned in Kurdish sayings and proverbs, and it is also worth knowing which of the semantic fields in which the proverbs are multiplied in abundance in the book is specific, and which of the semantic fields was used by the author of the book in a minimal way. Also, in this research, we tried to address and know what is the percentage of each mentioned field that is mentioned in this research. Regardless of our main goal in this research, as it also includes answers to the above questions, in addition to the introduction and conclusion, the research includes two chapters: the first chapter consists of two sections: the first section has been devoted to the concept, history, and definition of the theory of semantic fields, as well as defining their types. The second section has been devoted to explaining the concept, terminology, definition and characteristics of sayings and proverbs. As for the second chapter of the research, which is the main objective of writing this research, it has been devoted to defining the fields indicated in proverbs and sayings.

پێوانه ی كار لە ڕووی واتاوه به پێی ڕێبازی ئۆزگۆد

د. خەسرۆ ڕەسول

Abstract

This research deals ( Measurement of verb in terms of meaning). In this study, the verb as a main element of sentences is investigated and measured in terms of meaning. This measurement of the verb was influenced by Osgood's perspective, which determined the degree of the adjective. The study has defined seven grades for opposite verbs, in which the morphemes of degree, negative, and adverbs are involved. By classifying a verb into seven degrees, the researcher is able to become familiar with the speaker's insights and feelings, which plays an important role in the treatment of mental illness. The study consists of two sections. In the first section, the concept of semantic measurement and the types of semantic measurement are discussed. In the second section, the measure of the meaning of verb is discussed, including the semantic distinction method, which the researcher has employed because it is hierarchical, reflects the insights of the experiencer, and has an impact on psychotherapy.

Keywords: Measurement, Verb, Meaning, Osgood, Degree.

تاریک و ڕوونی ژیانی زانستی و پەروەردەیی نالی لە ئەستەنبوڵدا

پ. ی. د. هێمن عومەر ئەحمەد,

Abstract

So far, Kurdish literary criticism has hardly revealed the roots of Kurdish poets’ lives through archival documents. Nali (November 23, 1877 AD) is one of the leading poets of central Kurdish poetry who spent more than the last thirty years of his life away from his country. He spent part of his life in Istanbul. In the past, the research studies have only proposed that he went to Istanbul and died there; nevertheless, no specific details of his life in the city have been given. This study, entitled (Darkness and Light of Nali's Academic and Educational Career in Istanbul,) has tried to determine in detail the time of Nali's first trip to Istanbul, the duration of his stay, his relationship with Ottoman officials, his scholastic and educational activities, and his associations with Kurdish poets and figures in the city. Moreover, the study describes specifically the reflection of Nali's personality in Ottoman journalism and from the perspective of Kurdish personalities of the Ottoman period.

تێما لەچیرۆکەکانی شێرزاد حەسەن بەنموونەی چیرۆکی (خوشکەکان، بێوەژن،گەڕەکی داهۆڵەکان)

نەسرین ڕەئوف سمایل, پ. د. فوئاد ڕەشید محەمەد,

This research is entitled Theme in Sherzad Hassan’s   stories with the example of the story(Sisters, Widow, Scarecrow  Neighbourhood). Theme is obviously present in much of the research and criticism of new European and Arabic literature   Kurdish   critics   have  paid great attention to it in years .The term theme plays a major criticism in revealing and finding the main idea of a literary text. This research consists of three axis .The first axis briefly describes the term theme in terms of language . The second axis describes the definition of the term. The third axis, the theme of   Sherzad   Hassan’s   stories with the example of the story(Sisters, Widow, Scarecrow  Neighbourhood)of the devils are discussed and researched.

جیاوازی كه‌لتووریی له‌به‌رجه‌سته‌بوونی ناسنامه‌ی كه‌سێتییه‌ سه‌ره‌كییه‌كان له‌ ڕۆمانی " گره‌وی به‌ختی هه‌ڵاڵه‌ "ی عه‌تای نه‌هایی دا

پ. ی. د. ل هنجه عبدالرحمن غریب, سەركەوت عمر إبراهیم, ,

پوختە:

     جیاوازی كه‌لتووریی له‌به‌رجه‌سته‌بوونی ناسنامه‌ی كه‌سێتییه‌ سه‌ره‌كییه‌كان له‌ ڕۆمانی "گره‌وی به‌ختی هه‌ڵاڵه‌"ی عه‌تای نه‌هایی دا، له‌ باره‌ی جیاوازی كه‌لتووریی له‌ په‌روه‌رده‌كردنی هه‌ڵاڵه‌ی شاكه‌سی ڕۆمانه‌كه‌ و شێرزادی كه‌سێتی سه‌ره‌كی ڕۆمانه‌كه‌ ده‌دوێت، ئه‌ویش له‌ ئه‌نجامی ئه‌وه‌ی کەلتوور وه‌ك ڕه‌هه‌ندێكی ژیان، له‌ رۆمانی گره‌وی به‌ختی هه‌ڵاڵه‌دا ئاوێنه‌ی بیروڕا و بۆچوون و کردار و رەفتاری تاکەکەسی و کۆمەڵایەتی هه‌ریه‌كه‌ له‌ كه‌سێتییه‌كانه‌ و ڕۆڵی له‌ یه‌كلایكردنه‌وه‌ی چاره‌نووسیاندا هه‌یه‌، چونكه‌‌ له‌ ڕووی بینای كه‌سێتییه‌وه‌ هه‌ریه‌ك له‌م دوو كه‌سێتییه‌‌ به‌جۆرێك بونیادنراون، كه‌ خاوه‌ن تێڕامان و بیرو بۆچوون و جیهانبینی تایبه‌ت به‌خۆیانن بۆ چۆنیه‌تی خۆ گونجاندنیان له‌گه‌ڵ كه‌لتووری وڵاتێكی ئه‌وروپی وه‌ك سویددا، كه‌ دواجار ئه‌م تێڕوانینه‌یان بۆ كه‌لتوور ده‌بێته‌‌ جۆرێك له‌ ناسنامه‌ی كه‌سێتییان و توانای خۆ گونجان و هه‌ڵكردنیان له‌گه‌ڵ دونیای ده‌ره‌وه‌دا. له‌ ئه‌نجامی ئه‌وه‌شدا جیاوازی و نه‌بوونی هۆشیاری كه‌لتووری چاره‌نووسی هه‌ریه‌ك له‌و دوو كه‌سێتییه‌ سه‌ره‌كییه‌ به‌ تراژیدیا و ڕووداوی ناخۆش ده‌گه‌یه‌نێت له‌ ڕه‌وتی گێڕانه‌وه‌ی ڕۆمانه‌كه‌دا.

كلیله‌ وشه‌كان: كه‌لتوور، ناسنامه‌، ڕۆمان،  كه‌سێتی، شاكه‌س

پوختە:

     جیاوازی كه‌لتووریی له‌به‌رجه‌سته‌بوونی ناسنامه‌ی كه‌سێتییه‌ سه‌ره‌كییه‌كان له‌ ڕۆمانی "گره‌وی به‌ختی هه‌ڵاڵه‌"ی عه‌تای نه‌هایی دا، له‌ باره‌ی جیاوازی كه‌لتووریی له‌ په‌روه‌رده‌كردنی هه‌ڵاڵه‌ی شاكه‌سی ڕۆمانه‌كه‌ و شێرزادی كه‌سێتی سه‌ره‌كی ڕۆمانه‌كه‌ ده‌دوێت، ئه‌ویش له‌ ئه‌نجامی ئه‌وه‌ی کەلتوور وه‌ك ڕه‌هه‌ندێكی ژیان، له‌ رۆمانی گره‌وی به‌ختی هه‌ڵاڵه‌دا ئاوێنه‌ی بیروڕا و بۆچوون و کردار و رەفتاری تاکەکەسی و کۆمەڵایەتی هه‌ریه‌كه‌ له‌ كه‌سێتییه‌كانه‌ و ڕۆڵی له‌ یه‌كلایكردنه‌وه‌ی چاره‌نووسیاندا هه‌یه‌، چونكه‌‌ له‌ ڕووی بینای كه‌سێتییه‌وه‌ هه‌ریه‌ك له‌م دوو كه‌سێتییه‌‌ به‌جۆرێك بونیادنراون، كه‌ خاوه‌ن تێڕامان و بیرو بۆچوون و جیهانبینی تایبه‌ت به‌خۆیانن بۆ چۆنیه‌تی خۆ گونجاندنیان له‌گه‌ڵ كه‌لتووری وڵاتێكی ئه‌وروپی وه‌ك سویددا، كه‌ دواجار ئه‌م تێڕوانینه‌یان بۆ كه‌لتوور ده‌بێته‌‌ جۆرێك له‌ ناسنامه‌ی كه‌سێتییان و توانای خۆ گونجان و هه‌ڵكردنیان له‌گه‌ڵ دونیای ده‌ره‌وه‌دا. له‌ ئه‌نجامی ئه‌وه‌شدا جیاوازی و نه‌بوونی هۆشیاری كه‌لتووری چاره‌نووسی هه‌ریه‌ك له‌و دوو كه‌سێتییه‌ سه‌ره‌كییه‌ به‌ تراژیدیا و ڕووداوی ناخۆش ده‌گه‌یه‌نێت له‌ ڕه‌وتی گێڕانه‌وه‌ی ڕۆمانه‌كه‌دا.

كلیله‌ وشه‌كان: كه‌لتوور، ناسنامه‌، ڕۆمان،  كه‌سێتی، شاكه‌س

چێوەیەکی تیۆری لە نێوان بۆچونەکانی هالیدەیی و فاوسێت لە زمانەوانی ئەرکیدا

پ. د. سەباح ڕەشید قادر, بێگەرد سەلام محەمەدئەمین,

For this research, which is titled (A theoretical framework for the views of "Hallyday" and "Fawcett" on systemic functional linguistics, the research focuses on Fawcett's views, sometimes as a complement to what Hallyday came about on the functional theory of language, and at other times as a criticism and correction of what Hallyday came up with. So Fawcett begins by saying, "When I say that Halliday is one of the most remarkable linguists of our time, it does not mean that I agree with his opinion in everything he said about functional linguistics. ( i.e. Halliday) is one of the linguists who left a clear imprint in contributing to the development of language philosophy and the development of linguistics in the twentieth century.The researcher sought to review the features of this development and its manifestations in Fawcett.Fawcett intensified his aspirations and analyzes in this regard by presenting the content of the opinions of two schools, namely the Sydney School and the Cardif on the rules of functional theory, and Fawcett tried in that to separate theory from linguistic description, which led to the emergence of different analyzes about form and meaning.Fawcett's analyzes and interpretations settled at a lower level than the level of expressions, so new terms such as unity, rank and group appeared. With new concepts. The research is divided into three chapters as follows: the first chapter, which is titled Functional Linguistics among the Structuralists, the second chapter reviews the concept of linguistic units and criteria, the third chapter is titled, Some Proposals for Some Hypotheses. Presentation of the results and conclusions and the arrangement of the sources is the conclusion of the research.

ڕوونکردنەوەی واتا لە ڕێگای نیشانە زمانی و نازمانییەکان

ڕێژنە ئیسماعیل عەزیز, پ.د. عبدالواحد مشیر مەحمود دزەیی, ,

پوختە

 ناونیشانی توێژینه‌وه‌كه‌ بریتییە لە (ڕوونکردنەوەی واتا لە ڕێگای نیشانە زمانی و نازمانییەکان)، واتە باس لە نیشانە زمانی و نازمانییەکان دەکات، ڕۆڵیان لە ڕوونکردنەوەی واتا دەخاتەڕوو . توێژینه‌وه‌كه‌ لە چوارچێوەی واتاسازی دا شیکردنەوە بۆ ڕۆڵی نیشانە دەکات و نموونەی پێویستی بۆ دێنێتەوە لە زمانی کوردیدا. گرنگی ئەم توێژینه‌وه‌یه‌ لەوەدایە كه‌ باس لەو فۆرمە زمانیانە دەکات کە چ بە ئاشکرایی، یان بەشاراوەیی واتا ڕووندەکەنەوە و تەم ومژی واتاییەکانی دەڕەوێنێتەوە.

 نیشانە ئەو فۆڕمە زمانییەیه‌ كه‌ لەپاڵ فۆڕمە زمانییە دەربڕاوەکان واتا ڕووندەکەنەوە و دەبنە پاڵپشت و بەڵگە بۆ دەرخستنی واتای دەربڕاو. ئامانج لەم باسە تیشک خستنەسەر ڕۆڵی نیشانەیە بۆ ڕوونکردنەوەی واتا، لەم توێژینه‌وه‌یه‌دا گریمانەی ئەوە کراوە کە هەموو دەربڕاوێکی زمانی نیشانەی ڕوونکردنەوەی لەگەڵدایە جا چ زمانیبێت یان نازمانی . ناوەرۆکی توێژینه‌وه‌كه‌ جگە لە پێشەکی و ئەنجام لە دوو بەش پێکهاتووە: بەشی یەکەم تایبەتە بە نیشانە زمانییەکان و ڕوونکردنەوەی واتای سیمانتیکی، ئەم سەردێرانە لەخۆدەگرێت : پەیوەندییە واتاییەکان، پێناسە، پوختە، پاشخانی زمانی، نمونە، وەسف، ڕوونکردنەوە، خاڵبەندی.

بەشی دووەمیش باس لە نیشانە نازمانییەکان و ڕوونکردنەوەی واتای پراگماتیکی دەکات، ئەم سەردێرانە لەخۆدەگرێت: نیشانە مادییەکان، نیشانە سروشتییەکان، نیشانە دەنگییەکان، نیشانە کۆمەڵایەتییەکان، نیشانە دەرونییەکان. لەگەڵ خستنەڕووی لیستى سەرچاوەکان و پوختەیەک بەزمانی عەرەبی و ئینگلیزی.

ڕۆڵی هەندێک لە هونەرە جوانکارییەکان لە گۆڕانی ئاسۆی پێشبینیی خوێنەردا

رێبین قادر

In new and contemporary criticism, attention to the reader, his dealings with the text, his understanding, and the interpretation of its secrets and meanings are among the most important contemporary critical issues. One of the issues that is closely related to this topic is the issue of the horizon. Expectation for the reader is a concept formulated by Yaus, which is a set of experiences, assumptions, criteria and predictions through which the reader receives and interprets the text. We can find roots for this perspective in the rhetoricians in their study of the mechanisms of reception. If the text comes in accordance with the requirements of the situation, it will cause agreement, and if it deviates from the apparent requirement, it will cause surprise and astonishment for the recipient, prompting him to discover this deviation by building a horizon so that he can realize the meaning contained in the text. There are many creative arts that have a great effect in surprising and surprising events for the reader and contradict the reader’s expectation, and the reader is surprised other than what he expected, so he sees that there is a disagreement between the horizon of the text and the horizon of his expectation, then the horizon of the reader’s expectation changes, because the reader expects one thing and the text says something else.

ڕێككه‌وتن له‌ تیۆری داتاشینی ڕسته‌سازییانه‌دا

حەیدەر حاجی خدر, پ. د. سه باح ڕه شید قادر

سیماكانی پۆستمۆدێرنیزمی شیعری كوردی ل ه دوای ڕاپەرینی به هاری ساڵی 1991

بهزاد فتاح خورشید, پ.د. عوسمان حمد خضر ده شتی,

This study is entitled Kurdish Postmodern Poetry Faces. It is obvious that after the spring of uprising of 1991, the Kurdish people gained a new light of life due to the independence of Kurdistan and the liberation of the Kurdish peoplefrom the previous Sadam Power whose authority was frightening towards Kurdish people in all aspects of life, and the writers and intellectuals were not deprived of the uneven feelings that the Kurdish people experienced, but they were afraid of being arrested and executed, they were always trying to write a text that would not be subjected to blackmail, although it did not fit their wishes.

But after the uprising, a free environment was created and the liberation of Kurdistan, the pots took a good step to recompose their entire poems in terms of forms and content. Kurdish poetry has started a new experience of writing different from the previous ones. This is due to the efforts of several local poets and several national poets living abroad, including FarhadPirbal,Ahmadi Mullah,MahabadKaradaghi, Nazi Bageekhan, Dr. Kamal Marouf. Based on their experience with the local literature and Western literature, these poets were able to put a new cover on our Kurdish literature, especially the poetry. They could get benefits from the western schools like (Banasizim, Dadaysim and syrialism) to implement these on the Kurdish poetry and not imitating them randomly, but they were able to make an innovative change in the social life of the Kurdish people with the tools they had. They also encouraged the local poets to change their writing style and turn to a kind of literature and poetry compatible with nowadays poetry without taking care of censorship of social criticism that committing to the customs and traditions of the Kurdish people.

سیمانتیكی مه‌عریفی مێتافۆری هه‌ست

هیوا حمید, دیار علی

Most of the sensory concepts that people use in their daily lives are metaphorically comprehensible. Therefore,
the study of the phenomenon of metaphor becomes an important tool for an adequate understanding of emotions.
Written in the context of cognitive linguistics, this paper explores sense metaphors as it sees metaphor as one of
the most important means of moving language from actual to virtual and literary use. Metaphor is commonly
used in everyday language to describe and express different emotional states.
He has a pure heart.
His head is boiling.
Human emotions are used as source fields in the metaphorical structuring of various concepts in most
languages, so the study of metaphor phenomenon becomes an important tool for an adequate understanding
of emotions. In addition to introducing metaphor in general, this study is an attempt to introduce conceptual
metaphor and interpret the phenomenon of metaphor from a new perspective and identify both the source and
purpose of interpreting metaphors.

شێوازە دەنگییەکانى شیعرى (ئەسیرى) لەبەر ڕۆشنایى ئاراستەى (بالى)دا

دنیا على

Abstract

                          Sound Styles of Assiri Poetry in the Light of Bally

     This research entitled (Sound Styles of Assiri Poetry in the Light of Bally) is an attempt to analyze and present the phonetic patterns of language in Assiri poetry. In general, sound is the most important component of poetic language that creates an effect. The formation of each sound in the poetic text in general and in (Assiri’s poems) in particular has phonetic and expressing\self-expressing values. At the phonetic level, each language has its own phonetic rules, which are due to the diversity of geography and the development of linguistic classes, the poet’s own language\idiolect has its own role and effect in the formation of the phonetic patterns and phonological rules. Through these phonetic patterns and aspects, the poet expresses his feelings, and the repetition of each sound is to express the poet’s inner feelings, at the same time it is to give the poem a pleasing music and melody.

      Keywords: (sound, Assiri, voiced sound, voiceless sound, sound Elision, sound change(

غەزەل، چەمک و پێناسە و بونیادی هونەری

طالب ابوبکر طاهر, عوسمان دەشتی,

بابەتی غەزەل بابەتێکی گرنگی شیعر بەگشتی و شیعری ڕۆژهەڵاتی بەتایبەتی و شیعری کوردی
بەتایبەتر، و بووەتە دیارترین جۆری شیعر لە ڕۆژهەڵاتدا و بەتایبەت لە ئەدەبیاتی کلاسیکی
کوردیدا زۆرترین مەیدانی شیعری داگیر کردووە، باسوخواسی لیریک و شیعری گۆرانی و پەیوەندیی
غەزەل بەو دوو بابەتەوە جێی بایەخی ڕەخنەگران و لێکۆڵەرانی ئەدەبە، کە ئاخۆ غەزەل هەر هەمان
لیریکی ئەوروپییە یا نا، هەروەها غەزەل و شیعری گۆرانی )الغنائی ( یش بە هەمان شێوە بەشێکی
ئەو مشتومڕەیە.
لەم توێژینەوەیەدا لە چەند تەوەرێک ئەم بابەتانە خراونەتە ڕوو، کە بەم شێوەیە دابەش کراون :
تەوەری یەکەم تەرخان کراوە بۆ ناساندنی چەمکەکانی غەزەل و لیریک و شیعری گۆرانی، تەوەری
دووەم، تایبەت کراوە بە سەربردەی غەزەل لای گەلانی جیهان و گەلانی دراوسێ، تەوەری سێیەم،
تایبەتە بە غەزەل لە ئەدەبیاتی کوردیدا و و تەوەری چوارەم و کۆتایی تایبەت کراوە بە بونیادە
هونەرییەکانی غەزەل، لە کۆتاییشدا ئەنجامی توێژینەوەکە خراوەتە ڕوو. ئەوەی جێگای بایەخ و
ئاماژەپێکردنە، ئەوەیە کە توێژینەوەکەمان بابەتی تیۆرییە و بابەتی پراکتیکی لەخۆ نەگرتووە.

کارەکتەر لە حیکایەتی فۆلکلۆری کوردیدا

ڕۆکان گوریل شعیا, کەیفی ئەحمەد عەبدولقادر, ,

This study is entitled "Characters in Kurdish Folk Tales", and the researcher has tried to present the importance of Kurdish folklore through the important characters that storytellers have been able to perform their duties with skill and expertise, and deal with the events in a way that develops them successfully. In addition, the storyteller wants the folk tales to be fun and happy in the end, because in the events of the stories, there are often conflicts between two sides or two forces, the forces of good and evil. The force of evil constantly tries to create problems for the main character in the story, but storytellers develop events through other characters, who sometimes play the role of the main character, and become good helpers to the main character by providing him/her different ideas which end up with the success of the character in the challenges he/she faces in the events of the folk tales.

We must not forget that there are many Kurdish folk tales, whether narrated through animals or humans, that have a purpose, which is to educate, advise and learn lessons in different aspects of life, we can say that folk tales or stories play a positive role in Kurdish society.

کۆتبەندکردنی بەرهەمهێنان

ژیلان دلێر هاشم, د. صباح رشید قادر,

ئەم توێژینەوەیە لەژێر ناونیشانی (کۆتبەندکردنی بەرهەمهێنان)ە کە زۆرجار بەپێی قۆناغی لێکۆڵینەوەزمانییەکان دوو زاراوەی جیاوازی بۆبەکاردێت:١-blocking ،کە لە کوردیش زۆرجار زاراوەی بلۆککردنی بۆبەکاردێنن،کە بە واتای کۆتبەندکردن دێت،٢-هەندێ جاریش هەیە زاراوەی competition-خودبڕکێ،یان بەرانبەر(المنافسه) عەرەبی دەوستێ.هەردوو زاراوەکە لە ڕووی چەمک میکانزمی کارکردنیان یەکدەگرنەوە،لەوەی ئەگەر خودبڕکێ لەنێوان وشەکۆن و نوێیەکەدا نەیەتەکایە،ئەوە پێویست بەکۆتکردنی هیچ وشەیەک ناکات،هەوڵی ئێمە لەوتوێژینەوەیەدا بۆ خستنەڕووی وردەکاری و میکانزمی کارکردنی ئەو دیاردەیە دەبێ.دەبێ ئەوەش بوترێ،کەوا بلۆککردن هەرچەندە زیاتر بواری وشەکە دەگرێتەوە ،بەڵام هۆکاری بلۆککردنەکە دیاردەکە بۆ هەموو ئاستەکان ڕادەکێشێ.ئێمە ئەو دیاردەیە بەسەرچوار بەشی

سەرەکی دابەش دەکەین، بەوشێوەیەی خوارەوە: دوای پێشەکییەکی کورت. بەشی یەکەم بریتی دەبێ لەسەرەتایەک بۆ ڕوونکردنەوەی چەمک و جۆری زاراوەی بلۆککردن،تیایدا هەندێ نمونەی ئینگلیزی شیدەکرێتەوە.لەبەشی دووەمدا کاریگەری بلۆککردن دەخەینە ڕوو سەبارەت بەدیاردەکانی تری وەکو بەخشتەکردن، چەمکی خودبڕکێ و پەیوەندی بەبلۆککردنەوە.بەشی سێیەم چەمکی مۆرفۆلۆجی دابەشکارانە دەخاتەڕوو بەهەموو وردەکارییەکانیشەوە.بەشی چوارەم بریتی دەبێ لەئەو ئاستانەی ڕۆڵیان دەبێ لە دیاردەی بلۆککردن وەکو ئاستی دەنگسازی، مۆرفۆلۆجی،ڕستەسازی و واتاسازی.کورتەی توێژینەوەکە بەزمانی عەرەبی و ئینگلیزی و ئەنجامە بەدەستهاتوەکان و ڕیزکردنی سەرچاوەکان کۆتایی توێژینەوەکە دەبێ.

کۆتوبەندى مۆرفۆلۆجى لە زمانى کوردیدا

ساهر صباح على ali, پ. ی. د. عومەر مەحمود کەریم

Abstract

This research is entitled (Morphological Constraints in Kurdish Language).  It enters the morphological level and in some cases, the semantic level.

This study was conducted according to the descriptive analytical approach .

The study consists of two parts:

In the first part as a gateway to the subject

A number of topics and concepts are explained,

The second part is devoted to morphological constraints in Kurdish and we have explained what are the factors that cause constraints in Kurdish?

At the end of the study, the results, list of sources and summary of the study are presented in both Arabic and English.

گۆڕانى زمانى لە نێوان شێوەزارى سۆرانى و گەرمیانى بەپێى تیۆرى شەپۆلەکان، ئاستى دەنگسازى بە نموونە

بەختیار نصرالدین محمد طالب, پ.ى.د. مزگین عەبدوڕەحمان ئەحمەد,

                                                             Abstract

Linguistic change between Sorani and Garmian dialects according to wave theory, the   

                                         level of noise, for example           

 The source of change and linguistic differences are two things: the first is that human beings have always created a new set of ideas to meet their needs, and the second is that the distancing of the speeches from each other, due to the weakness of the relationship between the Kurds and the change of language, has also created differences between the people of different areas.

This study, titled: Linguistic change between Sorani and Garmian dialects according to wave theory, the level of noise, for example), is an attempt to identify some sides of language development and change in Sorani and Garmian dialects according to wave theory, i.e. the spread of Sorani and Garmian dialects within each other's borders. In addition to the introduction and results, the investigation consists of different topics:

The first part: is the topic of language change, the emergence and dispersion of dialects and dialects, determining the boundaries of Sorani and Garmian dialects and their relationship, then the theory of waves has been identified.

Second part: is the level of phonetic is taken as an example, in which, according to the theory of waves, the change of phonetic between the Sorani and Garmian dialects is discussed, and then the results are presented.

Key words: language, dialectic, accent, lingual change, wave theory.

میتاگێڕانەوەى ناوونیشان لە ڕۆمانى (کاولاش) و (سۆناتاى ڕۆح)دا

روناک صلاح على, (پ.ی.د. نجم خالد نجم الدين (ئەڵوەنى,

Abstract:

     Meta-narrative is one of the structures and characteristics of postmodern stories and novels. Meta-narrative appears in several ways and forms in the novel and can be reflected at all levels of the text such as: pre-text level, post-text level, post-text level. In this study, we will discuss the title as one of the constituent parts of the pre-text level. The title is the identity of any text and is considered as a gateway to any text, so it must be chosen artistically and the writer in general and the novelist in particular must deal with this part of the text carefully and consciously. Abdullah Saraj is one of the novelists who tries to reflect this phenomenon in his novels, which of course has its own purpose and goal. In this paper, we try to explain the meta-narrative nature of the titles of the novelist's two novels, Kaulash and Sonata of the Soul, and how meta-narrative is reflected in the titles of his novels.

Keywords: metanarrative, postmodernism, title, Kaulash novel, soul sonata novel.

مێژووی سه‌رهه‌ڵدانی كورته‌چیرۆك و كورتیله‌چیرۆك له‌ ئه‌ده‌بی كوردیدا

موعته‌سه‌م په‌یوه‌ست خۆشناو

  The history of artistic imagination goes back to two centuries in the world, and a century ago in Kurdistan. Although the narrative has an older history, it is the history of the new artistic fiction when it is a narrative. This genre of literature has other sub-genres such as the long story, the short story, the short short story, and the short stories, etc. In Kurdish literature, the short story and short short story, like all world literature, appeared at two different times. Each of these arts with literary influence appeared national folklore and foreign translated literature, but each of these literary sub-genres of narrative has its own artistic structure and artistic basis, and it is a different identity for each of them. The first Kurdish short story belongs to Fouad Tamu’s work which was published in (Rozhi Kurd) magazine in 1913. The first short short story is (Hawar Hahbeh Ghazi l Dowayh) written by Qadri Jan which was published in (Hawar) magazine in 1932 which has an important historical impact with regard to short short story.

وێنەى شیعری لە شیعرەکانى (دڵشاد مەریوانى)دا

ڕۆشنا سلام أمین, پ. ى. دجبار احمد حسین, ,

پوختەى ئەم توێژینەوەیە بریتییە لە دەرخستن و دیاریکردنى وێنەى شیعریى و ئەو سەرچاوانەى شاعیر (دڵشاد مەریوانى) لە پێکهاتە و بابەتى وێنە شیعرییەکانیدا سوودى لێ بینیون، لەگەڵ شیکردنەوەى نموونە شیعرییەکانى.

        وێنە یەکێکە لە پێکهاتە سەرەکییەکانى بنیاتى دەقى شیعریى، هەر شاعیرێک شێوازێکى تایبەت بەخۆى هەیە بۆ پێکهێنانی وێنە هونەرییەکانی، (دڵشاد مەریوانى) یش وەک شاعیرێکى نوێخواز و بە ئەزموون و خاوەن شێواز و تایبەتمەندى خۆى، بە ئامانجی لایەنى ئیستاتیکا و دروست بوونى شیعرییەت، چەندین وێنەى جوان و سەرنجڕاکێشى لە دەقە شیعرییەکانیدا کێشاوە، لە کۆى شیعرەکانى دڵشاد مەریوانى وێنەى هونەرى بە هەموو جۆرەکان لە شیعرەکانیدا بەدى دەکرێت، وەک (وێنەى شیعرى بە پێى پێنج هەستەکانى مرۆڤ-هەستى ژیرى، وێنەى جوڵاو و وەستاو، وێنەى ئەفسانەیى، وێنەى ڕەمزى، وێنەى تاک و لێکدراو و گشتى، وێنەى ڕوونبێژى)، لەگەڵ سوود بینین لە سەرچاوەکانى (خودى و بابەتى)هەریەکەیان بە شێوازێکى جیا خراونەتەڕوو، وێنەى ڕەمزى بەشێوازێکى بەرفراوان لە شیعرەکانى بەدى دەکرێت، ئەمەش یەکێکە لەو تایبەتمەندیانەى شاعیر، هۆکارى ئەمەش دەگەڕێتەوە بۆ ڕۆشنبیرى گشتى شاعیر و ئەو بارودۆخە سیاسییەى کە شاعیر تێیدا ژیاوە، ئەمەش ئیستاتیکاى بە دەقە شیعرییەکانى شاعیر بەخشیوە